KOMPARATIVISTIKA

This research focuses on the properties, structures, and cognitive structures of formulaic utterances in English, Russian, and Uzbek, and the analysis uses corpora and cognitive linguistics frameworks. Formulaic expressions are stable, recurring, multi -word sequences with the properties of analytical wholes that allow such communication to take place and where culture and pragmatics are of great importance. The research uses corpora such as COCA, BNC, the Russian National Corpus and electronic resources of Uzbek to study the words in the corpus and the words in the corpus in the form of formal, informal, and ritualized speech to study the words in the corpus in the form o f formal, informal, and ritualized speech to study the words in the corpus. The cognitive schema and conceptual structures are employed in the framework and the results are the formulaic expressions that serve as a mechanism for the seamless functionality of culture and communication, the formulaic expressions overlay it. The most important functions of the language that serve the function of the language are the most important functions of the language that serve the function of the language. Formulaic language, cognitive linguistics, semantic structure, mental frames, conceptual metaphors, multilingual analysis.

This paper explores the cognitive -semantic properties of the concept of “childhood” in literary discourse. The study aims to identify how “childhood” is conceptualized in fiction, to describe its core and peripheral semantic zones, and to clarify its evaluative and metaphorical components. The dataset includes selected excerpts from Uzbek, Russian, and English literary texts where childhood is represented through recurring lexical cues, narrative situations, and associative imagery. Methodologically, the research draws on cognitive linguistics and cognitive poetics and applies cognitive- semantic and contextual analysis alongside conceptual modeling. The findings indicate that the core layer is dominated by meanings of innocence, play, memory, and nostalgia, while the near periphery foregrounds family environment, socialization, and moral formation. The far periphery is associated with trauma, loss, and identity -related experiences that reshape the overall conceptual structure. The paper concludes that “childhood” functions as a culturally and authorially mediated concept that bui lds a multi -layered semantic space and is articulated through metaphors, symbols, and discourse -specific evaluative strategies. Childhood concept, cognitive semantics, literary text, conceptual analysis, imagery, core and peripheral semantic analysis, memory, longing, trauma, nostalgia.

This article provides a detailed linguistic analysis of compound words, examining their description and essence. The study emphasizes the role of word formation in language development, highlighting compound words as one of the most effective tools for enriching vocabulary. The theoretica l foundations of compound words, along with their semantic and grammatical features, are analyzed in depth. The difference between compound words and simple word combinations is revealed through their semantic unity and structural stability. The article explores the structural models of compound words in detail. Specifically, noun+noun, adjective+noun, and verb -based compounds are analyzed with examples. Repetitive compounds, their role in enhancing meaning and generalization, as well as their stylistic functions, are also examined. Additionally, the orthographic features of compound words, including closed, hyphenated, and open forms, are discussed based on linguistic norms. The study highlights the functional role of compound words in speech, their communi cative potential, and their alignment with the principle of linguistic economy. Their role in naming new concepts and expanding vocabulary is illustrated with examples. Lexical unit, word formation, semantic unity, grammatical features, structure, language enrichment, speech function, orthographic norms, linguistic analysis.

Advertising is an integral part of modern communication systems. It plays a significant role in the economic, social, and cultural life of society. Through advertising texts, goods and services are promoted to a wide audience. In this process, the effective use of language becomes especially important. An advertising text performs not only an informative function but also a persuasive one. Therefore, the language of advertising possesses specific linguistic and stylistic features. Uzbek advertising texts, in particular, require comprehensive linguistic analysis. In recent years, scholarly interest in advertising discourse has increased considerably. The study of functional and stylistic characteristics of language units has become particularly relevant. Advertising texts actively employ lexical, morphological, and syntactic means. These linguistic elem ents serve specific communicative purposes. Each language unit is selected to enhance the persuasive power of the message. Stylistic devices contribute to the expressiveness and memorability of advertisements. Imagery, emotionality, and evaluation are esse ntial features of advertising discourse. Conciseness and clarity are also characteristic of advertising language. Uzbek advertising texts reflect national mentality and cultural values. This cultural dimension influences the choice of linguistic means. Pra gmatic factors play a crucial role in shaping advertising discourse. The author of an advertisement seeks to influence the target audience psychologically. For this reason, imperative forms and motivational expressions are widely used. Figurative language, including metaphors and phraseological units, enhances effectiveness. The functional -stylistic analysis of language units reveals their communicative potential. Advertising, Uzbek language, linguistics, stylistics, functional means, communicative functi on, pragmatics, language units, imagery, emotionality.

This article offers a comparative linguo -cultural analysis of female representations in Uzbek and French folk tales. The study examines the linguistic means through which female characters are constructed, highlighting their connection to national values, cultural codes, and socially embedded gender perceptions. Methodologically, the research employs semantic -pragmatic and discourse analysis, conceptual modeling, as well as a comparative approach to narrative motifs and plot structures. Within folk narratives, female figures appear in diverse roles such as “mother”, “bride”, “sorceress” or “fairy,” “wise advisor,” and “moral guardian”. These roles function as carriers of culturally specific meanings and reflect collective ideals and normative expectations embedded in language. The comparative findings reveal that in Uzbek folk tales, female characters are predominan tly associated with concepts of patience, self -sacrifice, and devotion to family values, whereas in French folk tales they are more frequently portrayed as embodiments of autonomy, rational judgment, and individual agency. By uncovering both convergences and divergences in the linguo-cultural representation of women, the article contributes to ongoing research in linguo -cultural studies, folklore studies, and gender linguistics. The results may also serve as a theoretical basis for further interdisciplinary research and for the interpretation of female imagery in traditional narrative discourse. Linguoculturology, female image, concept, evaluative units, nomination, comparative-analytical approach, cultural code, empirical material, narrative model, discursive activity.

The British Library’s (National Library of England) founding date back to the 1750s. Previously operating within the British Museum, the library was separated from the British Museum through a legal regulation and became an independent structure under the name British Library.Officially opened by the Queen in 1998, the British Library houses more than 150 million documents. The British Library is considered the second largest library in the world in t erms of the books and other content it contains. The British Library building is located in central London, right next to St Pancras-Kings Cross station, which is considered a meeting point for national and international train services. There is no catalog prepared for Turkish manuscripts in the British Library that currently contains all Turkish manuscripts in the library. The Turkish manuscript catalogs and brochures prepared in 1888 and 1958 are insufficient for today’s researchers. The Turkish manuscrip ts in the British Library are very diverse.From Göktürk Turkish, representing Eastern Turkic languages as a basis and starting point, to Old Uyghur Turkic, Karakhanid -Khwarazmian-Kipchak Turkic, Chagatai Turkic, and Azerbaijani Turkic, representing Weste rn Oghuz Turkic languages, Old Anatolian Turkic, Ottoman Turkic, and Turkish of Turkey, it is possible to access numerous manuscripts written in these languages. In addition to these, the British Library houses works in almost all Turkic dialects (Bashkir, Uzbek, Tatar, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Chuvash, etc.).This study provides a general overview of Turkish manuscripts in the British Library. It aims to trace the history and development of existing Turkish manuscripts by presenting the history of the library. Turki sh manuscripts have been roughly classified according to their period; examples of some manuscripts from the relevant period are presented. Notes on catalog and brochure work on Turkish manuscripts, and how and where the Turkish manuscripts in the library were acquired, are also included. The works have also been classified according to their content. The British Library, with its collection of approximately 4000 Turkish manuscripts covering a wide range of fields such as divans, journals, biographies, decrees, history books, literature, music, astronomy, commentary, the Quran, etc., attracts the attention of researchers in this respect. British Library, Turkish Manuscripts, London, England, Eastern Turkish, Western Turkish, Charles Pierre Henry Rieu, Glyn M unro Meredith-Owens, United Kingdom.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of imagery and symbolism in the works of Abdurauf Fitrat from artistic-aesthetic and ideological perspectives. As a prominent representative of Jadid literature, Fitrat profoundly expressed the ideas of nation al awakening, independence, enlightenment, and social reform through symbolic images in his works. The study examines the system of images in his prose and dramatic works such as “Abulfayzxon,” “The Story of the Indian Traveler,” and “Munozara,” as well as in his poetic and journalistic heritage, based on semantic, linguopoetic, and contextual analysis. The organic connection of symbolic images with historical reality, their socio -political content, and their aesthetic function are identified. In particular , the article analyzes how the image of a declining state and society is created through a historical figure in the drama “Abulfayzxon,” and how the idea of enlightenment and awakening is conveyed through the travel motif in “The Story of the Indian Travel er.” In “Munozara,” the opposition between Eastern and Western thought is substantiated as being expressed through symbolic dialogue. The symbolic layers of such images as historical figures, homeland, darkness and light, chain, path, and awakening are revealed. It is argued that in Fitratʼs works imagery functions not only as a means of artistic expression but also as an important ideological and aesthetic mechanism for conveying the authorʼs conceptual vision. In conclusion, Fitratʼs distinctive artisti c approach to the use of images and symbols is evaluated as a significant aesthetic factor defining his creative individuality. Image, symbolism, Jadid literature, national awakening, enlightenment, idea of independence, linguopoetic analysis, artistic image, social reforms.

Comparative literary studies have traditionally emphasized cross - cultural and cross-linguistic interactions; however, the role of poetics in shaping comparative research paradigms has not been sufficiently systematized. Ethel Lilian Voynichʼs literary works, in particular “The Gadfly” are a valuable example for studying the intersection of poetics, ideology, and reception in comparative literary discou rse. This article compares scholarly research on Ethel Lilian Voynichʼs works. It aims to identify the main research themes, methods, and shortcomings in Western, Russian, and Uzbek literary studies. The study uses comparative, historical -literary, and ana lytical methods, drawing on the principles of historical and theoretical poetics, reception theory, and cross-cultural literary analysis. Critical studies, translations, and explanatory frameworks are examined to assess scholarly trends and methodological consistency. Studies of the Voynich manuscript often focus on “The Gadfly” especially in studies of 20th -century Russian literature, emphasizing its ideological, mythopoetic, and psychological perspectives. Voynichʼs other novels, in particular, have been understudied in comparative and translation studies. The article concludes that Voynichʼs literary legacy is a promising area for interdisciplinary comparative research. Systematic analysis of lesser -studied works and their cross-cultural reception can make a significant contribution to the development of modern comparative literature and translation studies. Comparative Literature, Poetics, Artistic Mastery, Poetic Devices, Historical Poetics, Theoretical Poetics, Literary Criticism. Khallieva Gulnoz Iskandarovna Head of the Department “World Literature” Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor Uzbek State University of World Languages Tashkent, Uzbekistan Email: gulnoz7410@mail.ru ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5013-0792 Adamova Farangizbonu Jamol kizi Teacher Department of Romano-Germanic Philology, Mamun University Email: farangizbonuadamova@gmail.com

This article comparatively examines the semantic components of diminutive meaning in English, Spanish, and Uzbek languages using the method of component analysis. The primary aim of the research is to determine how the diminutive seme is expressed in the semantic structure of lexical units and to analyze the characteristics of its explicit and implicit manifestations based on materials from the three languages. For the research process, definitions from explanatory dictionaries and electronic lexicographic sources were selected as the main material. Within the framework of component analysis, archisemes, integral semes, and labels (indicator units) were identified, and instances of explicit (small, little, pequeño, kichik , etc.) and implicit expression of the diminutive seme through a multi- level chain were determined. The results of the analysis revealed that in English, the diminutive seme is more frequently expressed through explicit lexical markers, while in Uzbek and Spanish, it is often expressed implicitly. It has been established that diminutive forms formed through affixation play a significant role in both Uzbek and Spanish. The statistical data presented in the article reveal the language-specific and shared feat ures of the functional -semantic field of diminutiveness in the languages under comparison. The findings of the study are of both theoretical and practical relevance for semantic analysis, comparative linguistics, and lexicography. Diminutives, componentia l analysis, semantic component, functional-semantic field, explicit meaning, implicit meaning, comparative linguistics, lexicographic analysis.

This article comparatively analyzes the role and artistic function of zoonyms found in the works of Jack London and Normurod Norkobilov in literary speech. It is known that zoonyms are not only simple lexical units denoting animal names, but also manifest themselves as an important semantic tool reflecting certain philosophical views, cultural values, and national worldview. Therefore, they play an important role in crea ting an image in a literary text, revealing a character, and expressing the authorʼs ideological and aesthetic intention. In the course of the research, the similarities and differences in the artistic styles of the two writers are revealed. In particular, in the works of Jack London, animal images are often depicted as beings formed under the influence of evolutionary determinism, subject to the laws of nature, and ontologically independent. This approach serves to realistically illuminate the natural instincts of animals, the process of struggle for existence, and their inner world. On the contrary, in the work of Normurod Norkobilov, the image of animals is interpreted in close connection with national traditions and values and is more harmonized with ant hropocentric moral norms. The results of the study show that zoonymic images serve as a kind of semantic bridge between biological reality and symbolic meaning in a literary text and serve as an important poetic tool in illuminating the aesthetic views and cultural thinking of the authors. Literary discourse, zoonym, naturalism, Uzbek prose, determinism, anthropocentric ethics, zoonymic discourse, semiotics, stylistics, eco linguistics.

The article is devoted to the study of phraseological units on the basis of a linguopragmatic approach and aims to identify their functional and communicative characteristics in the process of communication. The main objective of the research is to analyze the pragmatic potential, national -cultural, and evaluative aspects of phraseological units. To achieve this object ive, the use of phraseological units in speech acts, context-dependent semantic shifts, their correlation with the communicative situation, as well as issues of interlingual equivalence and non -equivalence were examined. The central problem of the study li es in the fact that phraseological units have not been sufficiently described not only from a structural - semantic perspective but also in terms of their pragmatic functions in real speech processes. Therefore, the necessity of studying phraseological units on the basis of anthropocentric, functional, contextual, and linguocultural principles is substantiated. The research employs methods of linguopragmatic analysis, discourse analysis, comparative-typological analysis, as well as semantic and contextual analysis. The results of the study demonstrate that phraseological units possess a high pragmatic potential and are capable of expressing the speakerʼs emotional state, evaluative attitude, and communicative intention. In addition, the formation of a system o f national and universal stereotypes in phraseological units with a zoonymic component is substantiated, along with their linguocultural significance. In conclusion, it can be stated that the linguopragmatic approach enables a comprehensive investigation of both the theoretical and practical aspects of phraseological units and has significant scholarly value for translation theory and practice. Phraseological unit, linguopragmatics, speech acts, pragmatic potential, zoonymic component, stereotype, equivalence, non-equivalence.

This study examines the representation and use of Japanese dialects in contemporary media. Since the establishment of a standardized national language, dialects in Japan have often been associated with linguistic inferiority and social stigma. However, recent movements toward dialect preservation and reevaluation have influenced the ways dialects appear in media and how they are perceived by audiences. Using examples from films, computer games, and anime/manga, this study analyzes how dialects contri bute to character construction, narrative development, and cross -linguistic translation.In film, dialects are frequently employed to highlight character traits or comedic tone when translating non -standard speech. Meanwhile, some computer games demonstrate a shift from stereotypical uses, employing dialects to suggest individuality or regional identity. In anime and manga, translators occasionally create artificial dialects in the target language to preserve cultural nuance, illustrating innovative strategies in translation. Despite such developments, reproducing the subtle linguistic and cultural meanings of dialects remains challenging, and current AI translation systems still struggle with dialect-specific nuance. This study concludes that while represent ations of dialects in media are gradually moving away from negative stereotyping, significant issues persist in translation and language processing. Further research should address the growing influence of social media, where dialect usage and its interpretation continue to evolve. Dialects, Media Representation, Translation, Standard Japanese, Stereotypes, AI Translation.

This article substantiates, through examples, how the ideas of freedom and enlightenment were expressed in dozens of genres of Tu rkic literature prior to the twentieth century, particularly in poems, dis tant, and ballads. By the beginning of the twentieth century, it examin es the distinctive features of Uzbek-Turkish literary relations, the poet ry of the Tanzimat period, stylistic changes in Jadid literature, the stat e of the literary process, their common characteristics, as well as the r enewal of poetic meters and forms. The article also comparatively ana lyzes the differences in the works of representatives of Jadid and Tanz imat literature through clear examples. The prominence of the themes of freedom and enlightenment is demonstrated through an analysis of excerpts from the works of poets of this period, including T. Fikret, N . Kemal, Chulpon, Fitrat, Hamza, Avloniy, and others. Furthermore, t he study discusses the new poetic forms, metrical patterns, and transfo rmations in the system of imagery introduced by the writers of this pe riod not only into Turkish and Uzbek literature, but also into world lit erature. These innovations led to a complete transformation in the cha racter of literature and marked the transition of poetry to a new stage o f development. Naturally, these explorations also served as a school o f experience for poets of subsequent generations. Literary process, rene wals, literary connections, the s pirit of enlightenment, Jadid lit erature, poetry, poetic meter, T urkic poetry.

This article examines the lexical-semantic layers of Criminal Code texts as a prototypical legislative genre within the legal discourse system. The relevance of the research is determined by the need for precise linguistic interpretation of criminal legislation, since lexical choices directly influence legal qualification and judicial practice. The novelty of the study lies in the systematic classification of lexical - semantic strata in Criminal Code texts, including general literary vocabulary, general legal vocabulary, sectoral cri minal law terminology, evaluative -qualifying lexemes, and phraseological constructions with normative meaning.The research aims to identify the structural and semantic features of these layers and to analyze their functional load in shaping the communicati ve-pragmatic potential of criminal legislation. The methodological framework integrates descriptive, structural-semantic, comparative, and contextual analysis. The results demonstrate that the lexical organization of Criminal Code texts ensures terminologi cal precision, semantic unambiguity, and interpretative stability, while also containing evaluative elements that require doctrinal clarification. The study concludes that lexical - semantic stratification is a key factor in the coherence, authority, and regulatory effectiveness of criminal legislation and serves as a basis for its interpretation and translation. Criminal code text, legal discourse, lexical - semantic layer, legal terminology, evaluative lexeme, interpretation of law, legislative genre, normative semantics.

This article analyzes the phenomenon of metaphorization in geological terminology and related challenges in the process of translating into English and Uzbek. In specialized scientific texts, many geological terms have metaphorical meanings based on human experience and perception, which complicates the preservation of scientific accuracy when directly translated into another language. The study highlights the role of metaphorical concepts in the formation of terminological units and the selection of lexica l equivalents. For instance, while many terms in English contain metaphorical components, their Uzbek translations often employ descriptive or neutral expressions. Inaccurate translation of metaphors distorts the scientific content of the term and hinders text comprehension. The article emphasizes the importance for translators to conduct in -depth analysis of source and target conceptual fields, context, and translation strategies. The c omparison of English and Uzbek geological terms revealed issues such as neutralization of metaphorization and selection of equivalents. The research findings demonstrate the significance of ensuring terminological precision when translating scientific texts in the field of geology and applying scientifically neutral translati on techniques. Geology, geological terms, metaphorization, cognitive metaphor, metaphorical images, translation unit, translation problem, terminological equivalence, descriptive translation.

Sustainable education requires scalable, affordable, and personalized solutions capable of addressing diverse learner needs while reducing dependence on resource -intensive instructional models. This paper presents “SayLess”, a student -developed artificial intelligence (AI) -powered mobil e application designed to support sustainable English language learning through adaptive personalization and learner autonomy. The application integrates AI - driven tools for reading, listening, speaking and writing, enabling real- time content adjustment to users’ proficiency, pace, and progress. The interface was designed in Figma, and the backend architecture was implemented using Visual Studio. The current version is deployed on iOS devices, with planned Android expansion to enhance accessibility. A pilot implementation with university students evaluated usability, engagement, and language development outcomes. Results indicate improvements in motivation, writing accuracy, and independent learning behaviors, alongside reduced reliance on traditional tutori ng. The findings demonstrate that student-led AI innovation can contribute to sustainable educational practices aligned with global sustainable development goals. AI in education, sustainable learning, adaptive systems, mobile learning, personalized Englis h learning, EdTech innovation.

This article provides a detailed examination of the theory of intertextuality and the concept of intertextual relations, which were formulated in 20th -century literary studies. The theory of intertextuality interprets a literary text not as an independent and closed system, but as an open semantic field intrinsically linked with other texts. According to this approach, each text absorbs elements of previous texts, reworks them, and presents them in a new context. Thus, intertextuality manifests as one of the fundamental principles of artistic creation, as it enriches the semantic layers of the text and expands its interpretive possibilities. The article considers the concept of dialogism as a central tenet of intertextuality. Furthermore, the article theoretically analyzes the primary devices of intertextuality: citati on, allusion, reminiscence, and text -within-a- text. Through citation, an author incorporates specific passages from other texts into their work, thereby reinforcing an idea. Allusion, in contrast, refers to another text, event, or historical source through a subtle or overt reference. Reminiscence is the conscious or unconscious adaptation of a prior literary or cultural experience to a new text. The text -within-a-text model, particularly in postmodern literature, creates complex compositional layers in a work and draws the reader into an intellectual game with the text. In postmodern literature, intertextuality constitutes not only the relationship between texts but also a mechanism for intellectual play between the text and the reader. Authors reinterpret historical, religious, or literary texts, updating them in an ironic or playful style, thereby expanding the semantic potential of the text and transforming the reader into an active interpreter. In conclusion, the theory of intertextuality enables the stu dy of a literary text as a multi -layered and open system that is integrally connected with other texts. Intertextuality, intertextual relations, dialogism, quotation, allusion, reminiscence, postmodern literature, text-within-text.

This article investigates the linguistic and translation-related aspects of rendering English forensic and legal terminology into Uzbek. The main aim of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of English and Uzbek legal terms in terms of their semantic, structural, and functional characteristics, as well as to identify the major challenges encountered in the translation process. The research problem focuses on issues of non -equivalent vocabulary, terminological inconsistency, and the translation of neologisms within legal discourse. The methodology of the study is based on descriptive, comparative, content analysis, and contrastive linguistic approaches. The empirical data include authentic legal documents, judicial case materials, and bilingual as well as specialized legal dictionaries. The analysis reveals that significant conceptual differences between the English and Uzbek legal systems often lead to semantic shifts and translation difficulties, requiring careful selection of translation strategies. The results demonstrate that transcription, transliteration, calquing, and descriptive translation are the most frequently employed methods in translating legal terminology, with their effectiveness largely dependent on contextual and functional factors. The study concludes that accurate translation of forensic and legal terms necessitates not only linguistic competence but also profound knowledge of legal systems and cultural contexts. The findings contribute to improving English – Uzbek legal translation practices and developing context -based terminological equivalence. Forensic linguistics, terminology translation, equivalence, legal discourse, neologism, bilingual dictionary, semantic accuracy, Uzbek - English translation.

This article analyzes the artistic and aesthetic nature as well as the poetic structures of the contemporary fantasy genre. The main objective of the study is to identify the aesthetic mechanisms of the synthesis between the real and the fantastical worlds , using J.K. Rowlingʻs Harry Potter series as a case study. The article raises issues regarding the functional necessity of realism elements and authentic details within the fantasy discourse, as well as the internal logic and axiological credibility of th e fictional universe constructed by the author. The methodological framework of the study is based on Mikhail M. Bakhtinʼs concept of the chronotype, principles of poetic analysis, and an intertextual approach. The conducted analysis demonstrates that the aesthetic appeal of contemporary fantasy works emerges precisely through the construction of fantastical spatiotemporal models organically integrated with realistic components. In conclusion, it is emphasized that in order to create a convincing poetic mod el within the fantasy genre, it is essential to maintain a harmonious interplay between the internal logic of the fictional world and the laws of the real world. Fantasy, chronotope, realism, mythology, Harry Potter, J.K. Rowling, magical world, real detai l, fantastic image, readerʼs trust.

This article analyzes the specific features of the epistolary genre and the literary -aesthetic views that determine the artistic mastery of Oriental scholars. Epistolary sources -scientific correspondence and letters are considered not merely as a means of communication, but as an important source reflecting the authorʼs attitude toward the literary process, language, style, and the aesthetic demands of the era. In the course of the research, based on the mutual correspondence of prominent Orientalists, their creative laboratory, the process of working on a text, and their aesthetic principles are revealed. The article provides a scholarly substantiation of the subjective and objective aspects of epistolary discourse, the genre - specific nature of academic correspondence, and its connection with the literary text. The author pays special attention to the reflectio n of the authorial “self” and the spirit of the эпоха in literary letters, seeking to define the place of epistolary heritage in literary studies. The research findings demonstrate that academic correspondence serves as a primary source for the systematic study of the theoretical views and artistic ideals of Russian Orientalists. Epistolary genre, literary-aesthetic views, Russian Orientalists, letter, academic correspondence, artistic mastery, creative laboratory, authorial concept, style, literary critici sm, culture of communication.

This article interprets the concept of the “national -cultural concept” as an integrative product of language, thought, and culture, and systematically elaborates its theoretical foundations within the frameworks of linguocultural, semantic, and semiotic approaches. The aim of the study is to identify the mechanisms of conceptual modeling of national consciousness, historical experience, and value systems through language, as well as to determine the “core –periphery” structure of the national-cultural concept. The problem addressed in the article lies in the insufficiency of explaining the multilayered nature of national -cultural concepts solely through formal-semantic correspondence, particularly given the risk of losing conceptual and a xiological components when ensuring equivalence and adequacy in translation. As a methodological foundation, an integrative approach is adopted, involving the distinction between the denotative core and peripheral layers of the concept, the application of a three -stage linguocultural analysis and semantic differentiation. The discussion section demonstrates the functioning of the national-cultural concept at various levels of the language system. Using the examples of the units “dasturxon,” “mehmon,” and “o r- nomus,” the distinction between denotative meaning and the axiological-symbolic layer is substantiated. As a result, the necessity of distinguishing between the conceptual core and periphery in the analysis and translation of national -cultural concepts i s established, along with the restoration of the evaluative component through pragmatic equivalence and the use of descriptive translation, compensation, and pragmatic adaptation strategies. National-cultural concept, cognitive linguistics, semantic approach, culture, interaction between language and culture, historical -cultural layer, personal -emotional layer, translation studies, adequacy, semantic equivalence, intersemiotic compatibility.

This study is dedicated to a comprehensive and systematic comparative analysis of the linguocultural features of childrenʼs advertising texts in French and Uzbek. The main objective of the research is to examine in depth the linguistic means, cultural context, and persuasive strategies used in childrenʼs advertisements of both cultures, as well as to identify their i ntrinsic connection with the national mentality and value systems. Within the scope of the study, the manifestation of cultural stereotypes and national -cultural codes in French and Uzbek childrenʼs advertising texts, the dependence of persuasive strategies on cultural context, the expression of gender, age, and social stereotypes, and the role of cultural scenarios in advertising discourse were analyzed. The methodological basis of the research included lexical -semantic, discourse, linguocultural, cognitive, and gender analysis methods. The results of the analysis indicate that French childrenʼs advertising texts prioritize ideas of individuality, creativity, and independence, positioning the child as an independent and autonomous subject within the adverti sing discourse. In Uzbek childrenʼs advertising, family values, community unity, and traditional moral norms emerge as the leading semantic-pragmatic components. The study demonstrated that French and Uzbek childrenʼs advertising discourse possesses distinct linguistic and cultural features; although the methods of influencing the child audience differ in principle, they share certain common communicative characteristics. Linguoculturology, advertising text, childrenʼs advertising, French language, Uzbek language, cultural adaptation, persuasive strategies, cultural stereotypes, discourse analysis.

This article examines the modern development of Uzbekistanʼs toponymy in close connection with the socio -political, cultural, and economic processes taking place in society. The main objective of the study is to conduct a socio -cultural analysis of the changes that have occurred in the to ponymic system during the period of independence and to determine the role of place names in shaping national identity. The article addresses the issues of restoring historical toponyms, forming new place names, and their spiritual and educational signific ance in public consciousness. The research methodology is based on comparative -historical, semantic, and sociolinguistic methods of analysis. Drawing on the scholarly views of S. Korayev, E. Begmatov, T. Nafasov, and other researchers, the ethnolinguistic features of toponyms, their social functions, and their linguocultural content are revealed. The results of the study demonstrate that toponyms function not only as tools of geographical orientation but also as important indicators of historical memory, cultural heritage, and national identity. In conclusion, it is emphasized that the modern development of Uzbekistanʼs toponymy is closely linked to socio-cultural factors and requires systematic and scientifically grounded study and regulation. Toponymy, historical memory, national identity, ethnocultural tradition, independence period, toponymic policy, geographical names, linguoculture, nomination.

This article examines the evolution of pharmaceutical terminology within global pharmaceutical practice, emphasizing its role in ensuring effective professional communication, regulatory consistency, and patient safety. The study traces the historical development of pharmaceutical terms from early empirical naming practices to contemporary standardized terminological systems. Special attention is paid to the impact of international organizations, regulatory frameworks, and standardization mechanisms - particularly the International Nonproprietary Names (INN) system - on terminological harmonization. It explores the historical development and global evolution of pharmaceutical terminology. It examines how medical and pharmaceutical terms have emerged, standardized, and adapted across different countries and languages. The study highlights the role of international organizations, scientific publications, and technological advancements in shaping consistent terminology. Additionally, it discusses challenges in t ranslation, harmonization, and the integration of new terms in global pharmaceutical practice. The findings demonstrate that standardized terminology is essential for effective communication, patient safety, and international collaboration in the pharmaceutical industry. The research also analyzes the impact of standardized terminology on reducing communication errors among healthcare professionals, improving patient safety, and facilitating international regulatory compliance. Furthermore, the study consid ers the influence of digital databases, electronic medical records, and global collaboration on the rapid dissemination and adoption of new pharmaceutical terms. The findings demonstrate that standardized terminology is essential not only for effective com munication and patient safety but also for fostering innovation, research collaboration, and the global exchange of medical knowledge. Pharmaceutical terminology, INN, standardization, regulatory frameworks, global practice, terminological evolution, multilingual adaptation.

This scientific article examines the linguistic and socio -cultural influence of the English language on the modern Uzbek youth jargon through a sociolinguistic approach. The main objective of the study is to identify how English words and expressions are being integrated into the speech of Uzbek youth, to explain their semantic, structural, stylistic features and to evaluate both the positive and negative consequences of this process. The study sets out to explore the frequency of usage, semantic load, sociocultural impact and phonetic and morphological adaptation mechanisms of commonly used English linguistic units.For the research, a survey was conducted among 51 respondents aged 11 to 35 from the cities of Tashkent, Andijan, Termez, Navoi, and Fergana. In addition, over 40 posts and comments from Instagram which is a widely used social network by Uzbek youth were analyzed. The research employed empirical observation, sociolinguistic methodology, content analysis, and theoretical interpretation methods.The resultsreveal that globally used English lexical items are actively utilized among Uzbek youth to show modernity, emotional expression, linguistic economy, and social identity. Words like “like,” “chill,” “relax,” “bro,” “sorry,” and “repost” are being inc orporated into everyday speech with minimal phonetic modification. At the same time, this process is found to potentially disrupt the norms of the literary language.The article emphasizes the importance of analyzing these linguistic innovations and maintai ning a balance without denying the introduction of new words. In conclusion, the influence of English on Uzbek youth jargon is closely linked to globalization, technological advancement. While such borrowings are considered as linguistic enrichment, the ne ed to preserve national language and culture remains crucial. Therefore, it is an important responsibility of the state to formulate language policy, monitor this process and develop Uzbek equivalents for those English words. Phonetic adaptation, globalization, English, linguistic degradation, morphological adaptation, youth jargon, linguoecology, neologism, modern appearance, language policy.

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of digital technologies on the formation of students’ perceptions of the concept of “success” among third -year students in the context of learning English in higher education. The study employed a mixed -methods approach, including quantitative methods (questi onnaires, motivation and self -assessment tests) and qualitative methods (semi -structured interviews and analysis of students’ written reflections). The results indicated that the integration of digital tools into the learning process contributes to a more positive and concrete perception of success, increasing students’ motivation and confidence in learning English. Qualitative analysis revealed key thematic categories of success perception, such as achievement of learning goals, development of language ski lls, and personal satisfaction with the learning process. The study has practical implications for educators and developers of digital educational platforms, providing recommendations for the effective use of technologies in shaping a constructive understa nding of “success” among students. Digital technologies, the concept of “success”, teaching English, the mixed research method, higher education.

The article examines the characteristics of the reception and artistic appropriation of motifs from the poetry of Ḥafiẓ and Saadi in the works of German poets of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The study aims to identify the mechanisms by which the Eastern poetic tradition was transformed within the context of German literature, and to analyze intertextual connections and typological parallels between classical Persian poetry and European lyricism. The paper traces the history of how Ḥafiẓ’s and Saadī’s works were perceived and translated in Germany, provides a motif - based analysis of their poetic legacy, and highlights key Oriental images and symbols reflected in German poetry. Special attention is paid to a comparative typological approach that makes it possible to determine similarities and differences in the artistic interpretation of themes such as love, fate, spiritual quest, wisdom, and Sufi symbolism. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the systematization of motifs, the identification of new intertextual links, and an in-depth analysis of the transformation of Sufi imagery within the German poetic tradition. The findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the dialogue between Eastern and Western cultures a nd broaden perspectives on the role of Persian poetry in shaping the aesthetic and philosophical orientations of German literature. Ḥafiẓ, Saadi, German poetry, Orientalism, reception, intertextuality, motif, Sufi symbolism, dialogue of cultures, comparative typological analysis.

Linguistics is the scientific discipline that studies language as a system of signs used by a specific community for communication. It investigates the structure, functions, and developmental principles of language, as well as the methods of its study and teaching. This science encompasses a wide array of subfields, including phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and lexicology. The present article examines the key aspects of linguistics as a science, its place among the humanities, and the main approaches to understanding language and speech. Particular attention is paid to the distinction between the concepts of “language” and “speech”: language is interpreted as a systemic code, whereas speech is its realization in specific acts of communication. Modern linguistics views language not only as a means of transmitting information but also as a vital element of culture that reflects a people's historical experience, values, and worldview. The interaction between language and thought, the functioning of language in various s pheres of communication, and issues of intercultural communication are all gaining particular relevance. In contemporary society, multilingual competence is becoming increasingly important, as the ability to communicate in two or more languages is becoming a prerequisite for successful intercultural interaction and professional activity. Linguistics, language, language system, language learning, communication, multilingualism.

This article is devoted to a comparative structural analysis of diplomatic terms in Russian and Uzbek. The relevance of the study stems from the need to identify the mechanisms of lexicalization of international legal concepts within typologically distinct language systems in the context of global integration. The aim of the work is to identify productive models of term formation and reveal the degree of unification in diplomatic discourse. The research methodology is based on the analysis of equivalent pairs selected from current lexicographic sources and international legal acts. A compr ehensive approach was applied, including morphemic decomposition and the classification of units at themicro-structural, derivational, and macro-structural levels. The results of the analysis demonstrate a pronounced dominance of multi-component terms in both systems, dictated by the need for high conceptual precision. Significant structural parallelism was identified, supported by the active use of Latin term -blocks and international derivatives. In the Uzbek terminological system, a trend toward analytici ty was noted, manifesting in the specific transformation of attributive constructions. The scientific contribution of the work lies in substantiating that, despite typological differences, both terminological systems exhibit a high degree of systematicity and functional adequacy. The study confirms the convergence of national diplomatic languages under the influence of international standardization. Term, terminology, term formation, multi - component term, internationalization, agglutination, inflection (flection), lexicalization, syntagm.