KOMPARATIVISTIKA

This article examines the formation, evolution, and artistic interpretation of the antihero in modern literature and popular culture. The study explores how the concept of the literary protagonist has transformed within different artistic movements, includ ing Romanticism, Realism, Naturalism, Modernism, and Postmodernism. Particular attention is paid to the growing prominence of morally ambiguous and psychologically complex antiheroes in twentieth - and twenty-first-century literature, which increasingly rep lace the traditional heroic model. The paper analyzes examples of antiheroic characters across several genres, such as detective fiction, true crime, psychological thrillers, and modernist and postmodernist narratives. Among the analyzed figures are Michael Corleone from Mario Puzoʻs The Godfather, Hannibal Lecter from Thomas Harrisʼs novels, Jean - Baptiste Grenouille from Patrick Süskindʼs Perfume, and Meursault from Albert Camusʼs The Stranger . The article also discusses representations of antiheroes in co mics, television series, and animation, highlighting their growing role in popular culture. Drawing on evolutionary psychology, the study suggests that the fascination with antiheroes reflects a deeper interest in the complex, contradictory, and darker aspects of human nature. Antihero, modern literature, postmodernism, psychological thriller, true crime, popular culture, psychopathic characters, evolution of the literary hero, antihero typology.

This article is the first literary portrait covering the creative work and life of the writer Muhabbat Yuldosheva, who is making a significant contribution to Uzbek childrenʼs literature with her prose works. M. Yuldosheva has dedicated more than 40 yеars of her creative career to childrenʼs literature. This article analyzes a number of literary fairy tales by the author, who continues to enrich the science fiction trend in contemporary childrenʼs literature with hundreds of her literary fairy tales on various topics and works written in the fairy tale- story and fairy tale -novel genres. Specifically, it examines her fairy tale-stories such as “The Great River of Milk” and “The Little Traveling Penguin”, as well as her fairy tale-novel “The Prince of Koh- i-Qaf”. Additionally, some considerations were presented regarding the genre characteristics of literary fairy tales, the role of literary fairy tales in the formation of artistic thought, the artistic expression of human emotions in fairy tale-novellas, and the artistry of the adventure work “Prince of Koh-i-Qof”, which was inspired by oral folk tradition. Through an analysis of M.Yuldashevaʼs work, it was possible to draw some scientific and theoretical conclusions related to the development and progress of childrenʼs literature. Fairy tale, literary fairy tale, fairy tale -novella, fairy tale-novel, mythological heroes, folklore motif, genre, fantasy world, adventure fiction, science fiction, traveling heroes.

The article analyzes the environmental views of John Steinbeck as artistically embodied in the travelogue “Travels with Charley: In Search of America”. It traces the development of environmental issues in the author’s work, which makes it possible to speak of the sustained nature of his interest in the problems of interaction between humans and the environment. Particular attention is paid to how Steinbeck conceptualizes the connection between social processes and society’s attitude toward land, natural resources, and the landscape as a whole. To this end, the study employs comparative and descriptive methods, as well as techniques of motif analysis as a разновидность of the structural method. An analysis of Steinbeck’s texts shows that environmental issues in his work are closely connected with questions of social justice, economic development, and cultural identity. In his earlier works, the emphasis is placed on the dramatic consequences of environmental exploitation and the unequal distribution of resources, whereas in the travelogue “Travels with Charley: In Search of America” a more complex and analytical approach is reflected. The author not only notes the changes occurring in American society under the influence of scientific and technological development but also seeks to understand their impact on environmental consciousness. Thus, one can speak of the formation in Steinbeck’s later works of a coherent system o f environmental motifs reflecting the transformation of social values in the context of modernization and the growth of consumer culture. This makes it possible to regard Steinbeck’s prose as an important contribution to the development of environmental thought in the twentieth century. Ecology, ecological consciousness, microcosm and macrocosm, nature, civilization, progress, roots, organic whole, motif.

This article analyzes Oʻtkir Hoshimovʼs novel “Lives Lived in a Dream” from political -historical and literary-aesthetic perspectives. The research illuminates the impact of the Soviet -Afghan War, the political crisis of the perestroika period, and the collapse of the USSR on hu man life as reflected in the workʼs literary characters. The complex relationship between the totalitarian regime and the individual is revealed through the novelʼs characters: Rustam Shomatov, Commissar Soat Gʻaniyev, Rustamʼs father, and Qurbonoy xola. T he article interprets the character of Rustam as an innocent victim of the war, and through his fate, it analyzes the senselessness of the Soviet-Afghan War, the psychological trauma it inflicted, and its tragic aftermath. The character of Commissar Gʻaniyev is presented as an embodiment of the individual shaped by Soviet ideology, revealing the influence of the political system on human consciousness. Additionally, the policy of repression, the “Cotton Case,” and the tragic destinies of ordinary people in society are examined through the novelʼs artistic interpretation. The research utilizes literary theory and scholarly sources on the Soviet -Afghan War and the collapse of the USSR, analyzing the novelʼs artistic interpretation in harmony with its historical context. Ultimately, the article substantiates that “Lives Lived in a Dream” is a significant literary work that not only portrays the tragedy of war but also illuminates the fate of the individual and the spiritual crisis of society under a totalitarian system. Afghan War, collapse of the USSR, perestroika, repression, politics and the individual, senselessness of war, totalitarian system, Uzbek literature.

This article is devoted to analyzing plot dynamics in Kate Chopinʼs novels “The Awakening” (1899) and “At Fault” (1890). It explores how, in late 19th -century American literature, traditional event-centered narratives gradually began to be replaced by plots focused on depicting the charactersʼ inner lives. The aim of the study is to determine how Chopin develops the plot through psychological portrayal and how inner experiences, such as stream-of-consciousness, function within the narrative. The research tasks include identifying the stages of plot transformation, analyzin g internal conflict and the process of self -discovery, and examining the interaction between external events and subjective experience. The study employs narratological, psychoanalytic, and hermeneutic approaches as its main methods. The findings indicate that The Story of an Hour retains plot elements based on external events, but the development of these events is centered on the moral principles and psychological states of the characters. In “The Awakening”, the plot is entirely centered on stream-of-consciousness, with the protagonistʼs psychological growth serving as the driving force that shapes the unfolding of events. In conclusion, Chopinʼs novels demonstrate a significant shift from portraying specific events to a paradigm focused on representing t he charactersʼ inner worlds, highlighting her contribution to modern literature. Plot dynamics, psychological narrative, internal consciousness, narratology, Kate Chopin, “The Awakening”, “At Fault”, subjectivity.

This article provides an in -depth analysis of the criteria for portraying historical figures in the “Baburname” from an artistic and scientific perspective. The study notes that the work provides detailed information about more than 500 historical figures, and it is justified that the image of some of them was formed on the basis of a certain conceptual system. In particular, criteria such as birth and lineage, appearance, character, political and military activities, including participation in battles and campaigns, occupied territories, and descendants are interpreted as important factors in the comprehensive disclosure of a personʼs image. The article also emphasizes that historical characters are depicted in the composition of the work in close connection with various events, thereby dynamically rev ealing their individual and social appearance. In particular, the principle of illuminating one image through other images is evaluated as a product of the authorʼs artistic thinking, and it is shown that comparative and contrast methods are effectively used in creating character. As a result, the depiction of historical figures in the “Baburname” is recognized as a phenomenon distinguished not only by factual accuracy but also by high artistic and aesthetic perfection. “Baburnama”, historical figures, char acter, conceptual system, composition of the work, epic work, portrait of heroes.

This article investigates the contemporary transformation dynamics of the artistic-publicistic genre in uzbek journalism through comparative-typological and linguostylistic analysis. the study focuses on three primary directions: providing a theoretical and methodological justification for the differential features of literary and publicistic discourse; identifying the linguistic and functional parameters of c orrespondence, article, review, and commentary genres; and describing the stages and trends of genre transformation emerging within the digital media environment. the scientific relevance of the problem lies in the fact that the blurring of inter-genre boundaries and the emergence of hybrid forms in the modern media space necessitate a revision of traditional classification systems. the research employs a complex combination of textual analysis, lexical - semantic, and comparative methods. the findings demons trate that polystylism, the intensification of authorial subjectivity, dialogic structure, multimedia integration, and the phenomenon of inter -genre diffusion — all characteristic of the contemporary uzbek artistic - publicistic genre — confirm the formation of a new communicative paradigm. the conclusions of the study may serve as a theoretical foundation for further scholarly investigations in the fields of comparative literary studies, media linguistics, and journalism theory. Publicism, artistic - publicistic genre, genre transformation, comparative literary studies, media linguistics, uzbek journalism, digital media, communicative paradigm.

This article presents a comparative analysis of the concept of the individual, the travelogue genre (sayokhatnoma), and the socio - artistic factors that give rise to the spirit of liberty in Western and Eastern Romanticism. The research highlights the unique poetic interpretation of travel motifs in the works of J. Byron, H. Heine, as well as Muqimi and Chulpon. Through the travelogue genre, the authors artistically explore the inner world of the lyrical hero, their longing for boundless freedom, and the challenges of a holistic perception of social life. The rebellious nature and psychological state of the Romantic hero manifest directly within the context of the relationship between man and the world, and the harmony of space and time. The article demonstrates that the expression of freedom -loving ideas is based on the depiction of objective conditions, such as social misunderstanding, exile, and the pursuit of national liberation. These factors form a specific tragic landscape within the Romantic work, imbuing the narrative with dramatism and authenticity. Consequently, the study substantiates the intensification of lyrical pathos in the writersʼ creative work and the role of artistic space in revealing the lyrical heroʻs worldview. The article serves to identify typological similarities and poetic patterns between Western and Eastern Romanticism. Western and Eastern Romanticism, travelogue genre, freedom-loving, concept of the individual, lyrical hero, artistic space, Byron, Heine, Muqimi, Choʻlpon.

This research paper presents a comparative analysis of the views on education and youth of two great thinkers, Mehmed Akif Ersoy and Mahmudhoca Behbûdî, who lived during the socio-political crises faced by the Turco-Islamic world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Both intellectuals identified ignorance as the primary cause of colonialism and social decline, advocating for an educational reform based on the synthesis of Western sciences and national -spiritual values as the path to salv ation. The article compares the ideal generation model depicted in the “Osim” section of Mehmed Akifʼs Safahat with the fate of the youth who fell victim to ignorance in Behbudiʼs drama Pederkush. The analyses demonstrate that while Akif aimed to “reconstruct” the nationʼs future by proposing a synthesis of “knowledge and virtue” through “Osım”, Behbudi intended to strictly “warn” society about the tragic consequences of ignorance through “Pederkush”. In conclusion, the necessity of being knowledgeable and enlightened like Osım, rather than being in a state of heedlessness like Toshmurod, is substantiated for the prosperous future of the Turkic world. Mehmed Akif, Mahmudhoca Behbudi, Education, Youth, Pederkush, Osım.

This article presents a comprehensive examination of the theoretical foundations, methodology, and research approaches of comparative literature (comparativism). Drawing on both classical and contemporary scholarly sources, the study analyses the historical formation of comparative literary studies from its origins in nineteenth-century European philology through its contemporary global manifestations. The article systematically addresses the objects, tasks, and key stages of comparative analysis; the relationship between the historical -comparative and contrastive methods; the role of typological similarities and interliterary relations in understanding literary development; and the position of translation within comparative literary inquiry. Special attention is devoted to the concept of world literature as articulated by Goethe and reinterpreted by modern scholars including David Damrosch, Franco Moretti, and Pa scale Casanova, as well as to the tension between Eurocentric paradigms and multicultural approaches to literary history. The study concludes that comparative literature, far from being a narrow technical discipline, constitutes an indispensable framework for understanding the global dynamics of artistic thought, cultural exchange, and literary influence across historical periods and civilizational boundaries. Comparative literature, comparativism, historical - comparative method, contrastive method, typology , interliterary relations, world literature, translation studies, poetics, multiculturalism, Eurocentrism, literary influence.

This article examines the artistic interpretation of Alisher Navoiy’s personality through the example of L.G. Bat’s novella “The Garden of Life” and Oybek’s novel “Navoiy”. The main goal of the research is to determine the influence of the author’s type of thinking and worldview on the ways of artistic depiction of a historical figure. The relationship between the writer’s artistic and scientific thinking type and the peculiarities of Alisher Navoi’s image interpretation in the literary text is considered a s a scientific problem. The methodological basis of the research is the comparative -literary analysis, historical-literary approach, and methods of interpreting the literary text. The analysis results show that in the novella by L.G. Bat, the image of Navo i is revealed mainly through artistic scenes, psychological details, and extensive descriptions that emphasize the poetic nature of the great thinker’s personality. In Oybek’s novel, the emphasis is on historical accuracy and the portrayal of Navoiy as a statesman and public figure. Thus, the artistic interpretation of the poet’s personality is determined by the author’s type of thinking. In conclusion, it is noted that L.G. Bat’s work reflects the artistic type of worldview, while Aibek’s novel is characterized by scientific accuracy and documentary nature.. Alisher Navoiy, artistic interpretation, comparative literary studies, artistic thinking, scientific thinking, the image of a historical figure, Aybek, L.G. Bat, literary interpretation, analysis of the artistic text.

In this article, based on English and Uzbek classical literary sources, the semantic and epistemological features of the image of the eye are analyzed within the framework of comparative literary studies. The purpose of the research work is to determine the spiritual and psychological content of the image of the eye i n the traditions of the East (in particular, the work of Alisher Navoi) and the West (the literature of the Renaissance, especially the works of Shakespeare) and to highlight their similarities and differences. Comparative, semantic, archetypal, and contex tual analysis methods were used in this study. The results of the analysis showed that in Uzbek classical poetry, the image of the eye is mainly interpreted in connection with insight, mystical enlightenment, and divine perception, while in English classical literature, it is interpreted as an important artistic tool that defines conscience, human psychology, passion, and dramatic conflicts. Also, in the system of classical poetry of both the East and the West, the image of the eye appears as a universal sy mbol of knowledge and self-awareness. According to the research results, the image of the eye, as a universal intercultural epistemological image, shows that human consciousness is a connecting element between external perception and internal understanding. Image of the eye, classical literature, comparative studies, semantics, epistemology Navoi, Shakespeare, Sufism, architecture.

This article presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the Uzbek writer Utkir Hoshimovʼs collection of stories “The Affairs of the World” and the Turkish writer Ahmad Lutfi Kazanchiʼs novel “The Mother-in-Law” using the comparative-typological method. The primary aim of the study is to examine the female image, particularly the figures of mother and mother -in-law, from national -spiritual and socio-psychological perspectives within a comparativist framework. The creative laboratories, artistic styles, plot structures, and character systems of both authors are thoroughly analyzed and compared. The article also addresses the historica l and cultural commonalities of Turkish and Uzbek literatures, the central role of family in the worldview of Turkic peoples, and the artistic interpretation of religious and moral values. The findings confirm that in both works, the images of mother and m other-in-law embody national spiritual values, revealing profound thematic proximity between Uzbek and Turkish literary traditions in the artistic portrayal of family and social relations. The article is of theoretical and practical value for researchers i n literary studies, comparative literature, and Turkology. comparative literary studies, comparativism, “The Affairs of the World”, “The Mother-in-Law”, female image, mother -in-law and mother, Turkic literary tradition, artistic comparison, micro and macro space, national-spiritual values.

The aim of this article is to examine how, at the level of the novel’s genre structure, the historical trajectories of nations and countries are interpreted through the lens of individual destinies. It seeks to analyse texts from different periods through the lens of cross- genre synthesis. The objects of study are the novels “A Nest of the Gentry” by Ivan Turgenev and “My Name is Red” by Orhan Pamuk. The subject of study comprises the genre markers of national and cultural processes, as well as the techniqu es and methods of textual representation of a nation’s developmental paths. The article presents an analysis of works in which the personal, romantic and detective elements are interwoven with the historical, cultural and political. This is a unique epic -dramatic synthesis, realised by the Russian prose writer in the 19th century and the Turkish Nobel Prize laureate in the current literary process. Attention is focused on the qualitative aspects Urban text, genre synthesis, intermediality, national-cultural model of the world, artistic integrity, urban studies.

This article examines the social, political, and symbolic status of Turkic at the Mughal court on the basis of Marc Toutantʼs study “Le turk est la langue des rois. Un lexique chaghatay -persan à la cour moghole”. Its aim is to systematize Toutantʼs main arguments for an Uzbek schol arly audience and to clarify the relationship between language, dynastic memory, and political legitimation in the Mughal context. The study employs historical -comparative, philological, textual, and discourse-analytical methods. Particular attention is pa id to the preface, grammatical structure, and lexical selection of Lugʻoti turkiy, a Chaghatay-Persian glossary compiled under Aurangzeb. The analysis shows that the text should not be treated as a simple pedagogical handbook. Rather, it functioned as a co urtly-philological project aimed at teaching princes, describing Turkic scientifically, and reasserting the prestige of the Timurid -Barlas ancestral language. Although Persian increasingly dominated administration and elite literary culture from Babur to A kbar, Turkic remained present as a dynastic language associated with lineage, princely upbringing, and imperial dignity. The article concludes that Turkic at the Mughal court was not a “lost language” but a language whose function had been transformed: it survived primarily as a medium of memory, legitimacy, and symbolic sovereignty. Mughals, Marc Toutant, Chaghatay, turkī, Lugʻotiturkiy, Aurangzeb, Barlas, language policy, Timurid legacy, court philology.

Latin American Spanish developed in conditions of unique cultural synthesis, shaped by the interaction of European, indigenous, and African traditions. Despite extensive scholarship on lexical borrowings from indigenous languages of the Americas, the metaphor- forming role of indigenous linguistic substrates in contemporary youth slang remains largely unexamined. This article aims to identify the mechanisms through which indigenous languages and cultural archetypes generate conceptual metaphors in modern Latin American slang. The theoretical framework draws on conceptual metaphor theory supplemented by the concept of cultural metaphor variation. The empirical corpus comprises 343 regional slang units drawn from seven linguistic areas across Latin Am erica. The research employs conceptual analysis, cultural -historical reconstruction of source domains, and comparative analysis of Peninsular and Latin American Spanish. Findings demonstrate that indigenous languages — Quechua, Nahuatl, Guaraní, Aymara, K'iché Maya, and Mapuche — function not merely as lexical donors but generate independent conceptual domains. Seven regional metaphorical models rooted in pre - Columbian cultural archetypes were identified. The dominant mechanisms of influence are nature -mythological reframing, social - ethnic attribution, and syncretic overlay of pre -Columbian imagery onto European linguistic form. Conceptual metaphor, Latin American slang, linguistic substrate, Nahuatl, Quechua, Guaraní, Aymara, K’iché Maya, cognitive linguistics, cultural linguistics, metaphor variation, pre - Columbian cultures, mestizaje.

The concept of linguistic expertise began to attract the attention of linguists as early as the beginning of the last century. The possibility of using language as evidence to uncover criminal facts in practice surprised many. However, it is now becoming i ncreasingly evident just how significant the practical function of language is. Through linguistic expertology, it has become possible to find solutions to any complex issue, clarify evidence, and narrow the circle of suspects. The next task is to develop national methodologies that take into account the specific linguistic characteristics of each language. In particular, Uzbek national linguistic expertology also incorporates national approaches without rejecting world standards. Therefore, developing the methodology for Uzbek national linguistic expertology and implementing it in practice is one of the most critical and urgent issues in the field. This article will cover such matters as the specific aspects of Uzbek national linguistic expertology, defining the object of linguistic expertology, and determining its scope. Linguistic expertise, expertise, expertise, language, law, text, evidence, linguistic analysis.

This article analyzes the discourse of the American Dream and the concept of transnational identity through a linguocultural approach based on one of the prominent works of twentieth -century American literature the novel “An American Tragedy” by Theodore Dreiser. The main objective of the study is to provide an artistic interpretation of the relationship between the individual and society and to reveal the protagonistʼs inner crisis through linguistic units. The research employs linguocultural, comparative -historical, and literary analysis methods t o examine how national and individual identity are represented artistically and how the concept of the “American Dream” is manifested within the text. The formation of transnational identity in the image of Clyde Griffiths is analyzed in the context of his desire to adapt to the social environment and his aspiration for material prosperity. The findings demonstrate that the linguocultural units in the novel reveal not only the protagonistʼs character but also the socio- cultural codes of the era. The results of the study may serve as a theoretical resource in the fields of linguoculturology, translation studies, and literary studies. Theodore Dreiserʼs work, socio -cultural codes, artistic interpretation, self - awareness, image of Clyde Griffiths, social enviro nment, globalization process, spiritual values, linguistic worldview, material well-being.

The article is devoted to the linguistic and cognitive analysis of anthropocentric units of measurement and their interpretation in the English language. Anthropocentrism is an important and inseparable characteristic of the picture of the world created by human cognition, and it is clearly manifested in the process of perceiving and evaluating the surrounding environment through language. Anthropocentric methods of measurement were initially based on the human body and its capabilities and were mainly used to determine distance and volume. These measurements have remained actively preserved in language and culture up to the present day and, in some cases, are also used to express weight. The results of th e study show that anthropometric indicators play an important role not only in the evaluation of spatial measurements but also in assessing abstract concepts such as time, speed, temperature, capacity, and even rhythm. In everyday cognition, quantity is of ten evaluated not through exact calculation or measurement, but rather in an “objectified” form, subjectively, which is reflected in linguistic units. The article also examines the issue of expressing quantity in everyday speech on the basis of subjective evaluation rather than precise measurement. The results of the study contribute to a deeper understanding of the significance of the anthropocentric approach in linguistics. Anthropocentrism, interpretation, universe, time, dimension, worldview.

This article scientifically analyzes the role of English enlighteners, writers and public figures who lived and wrote their works in the Middle English and Modern English periods in the formation and development of the word stock of the English literary language. The study highlights the socio -cultural environment, the influence of literary traditions and scientific and educational movements in the development of the English literary language. Also, issues such as the lexical enrichment of language, the formation of new words and their meanings, the perfection of the literary style are considered through the work of some English writers and thinkers in the process of history from the Middle Ages to the new era. The results of the study show that in the formation of the English literary language, personal creative factors, socio-cultural processes and the harmony of literary heritage play an important role. The study reveals that the modern form of literary English is a complex and multifaceted system shaped b y the socio -political and cultural processes of various historical stages, as well as the creative and scholarly activities of great figures. English literary language, lexical content, language development, English writers, enlighteners, language history, MiddleEnglish, Modern English, language and society.

This article is devoted to the study of lexis-semantic categories of tourism terms. The author analyzed that the word in general use is distinguished by its multi-meaning and unlimited use, while terms, as special lexical units, are characterized by their ability to represent a specific concept, related to a specific field, and are limited in use. The main goal of the study is to determine whether terms used to name concepts in tourism -specific vocabulary are composed of common nouns, and whether tourism te rms arise by imparting new terminological meanings to common nouns. The author also studied the formation of industry -specific terms using word -forming suffixes and terminological elements. The study discusses the direct relationship between the process of term formation and the internal capabilities of the language, as well as external factors – social, cultural and technological development, the emergence of new terms, and the reasons leading to the universalization of terms. The researcher analyzed terms that acquire a national character, made from commonly used words, in Uzbek tourist texts. The results of the study presented in the article serve as a useful resource in the study of tourism lexicon, text analysis and translation work. Lexis-semantic categories, general usage words, lexicographic interpretation, sematic features, terms, special vocabulary, terminology, semantic method.

This article is dedicated to a comparative analysis of the linguistic means of expressing empathy in English and Russian discourse from a linguocultural perspective. Empathic communication is examined as a complex, multilevel phenomenon conditioned by the national and cultural specificity of linguistic communities and reflecting the core values of their speakers. The paper analyzes the lexical, grammatical, and pragmatic means of realizing empathy in both languages, investigating their function in various t ypes of discourse: everyday, professional, and institutional. The methodological framework of the study is based on the principles of linguoculturology, communicative pragmatics, and discourse theory. Particular attention is paid to intercultural differenc es in the interpretation and realization of empathic utterances, which is of considerable importance for the theory and practice of intercultural communication. It is established that Russian-language discourse tends toward direct, emotionally charged expr essions of sympathy and involvement, whereas English -language discourse demonstrates a greater degree of conventionality, indirectness, and maintenance of communicative distance. The results contribute to the development of linguoculturology, pragmatics, a nd discourse theory, and may also have practical applications in foreign language teaching and intercultural communication training. empathic communication, linguoculturology, language and culture, communicative behavior, intercultural communication, pragmatics, discourse, national -cultural specificity, values.

This article examines the metaphorical representation of inner - world concepts in English and Uzbek literary discourse through a linguocultural and cognitive lens. The study aims to identify metaphorical models of inner-world concepts (such as love, fear, hope, and sorrow) and to conduct a comparative analysis of their interpretations across cultures. The research employs cognitive metaphor analysis, linguocultural, discourse, and comparative methods. The findings demonstrate that inner world concepts in bot h English and Uzbek are largely formed on the basis of universal cognitive models; however, their linguocultural realization differs. In English literary discourse, emotions are more often conceptualized as external forces, whereas in Uzbek they are predominantly represented as internal states. Metaphors function as an essential component of the conceptual system and play a key role in shaping emotional and axiological meanings. The results of the study can be applied in linguocultural studies, translation studies, and literary discourse analysis to determine conceptual equivalence. Concept, metaphor, inner world, literary discourse, linguoculture, emotion, comparative analysis, cognitive model.

This article examines the linguistic features of the text Temur Tuzuklari through historical-philological and linguopoetic approaches. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that this work possesses scholarly significance not only because of its political, legal, and moral-didactic content, but also due to its distinctive language structure, stylistic organization, terminological layer, and communicative-pragmatic orientation. The paper analyzes the lexical- semantic composition of the text, historical and archaic units, socio - political terminology, official stylistic formul as, syntactic constructions, and structures expressing command, instruction, and normative guidance, as well as linguistic devices that create parallelism, repetition, emphasis, and logical coherence. Particular attention is paid to normativity, categorica l expression, authorial stance, the pragmatic force of rulerʼs discourse, and the linguistic markers that determine the institutional nature of the text. The findings demonstrate that the language of Temur Tuzuklari represents a syncretic combination of hi storical state governance discourse, official-administrative style, and didactic-political speech. The results of the study may serve as an important theoretical and practical basis for further research in historical text linguistics, translation studies, discourse analysis, and linguistic stylistics. Temur Tuzuklari, linguistic features, historical text, lexical -semantic layer, archaisms, official style, syntactic construction, pragmatic features, political discourse, terminological units.

This article analyzes the historical development of Uzbek translation and translation studies, their theoretical foundations, and contemporary issues from a scholarly perspective. The author consistently examines the formation of the Uzbek translation school beginning from ancient times and substantiates the close connection between this process and the socio-cultural development of society. The study demonstrates that since the Islamic period, scientific, religious, and literary translations from Arabic, Persian, and other languages have played an important role in the development of national culture. Special attention is given to the fact that during the two periods of cultural renaissance, t ranslation activities significantly expanded and the literary potential of the Turkic language was considerably enriched. The article also highlights, based on scholarly evidence, that the activities of Jadid intellectuals at the beginning of the twentieth century marked the beginning of the modern stage of Uzbek translation. It is noted that the Jadids made a significant contribution to the development of national enlightenment and culture through translating works of world literature into the Uzbek langua ge. Furthermore, the translation practice of the Soviet period, theoretical research in the field, as well as their achievements and shortcomings are analyzed in detail. The author shows that the formation of the Uzbek translation school was strongly influ enced by the translation activities of prominent literary figures such as Cholpon, Usmon Nasir, Gafur Ghulom, Abdulla Qahhor, and Maqsud Shaykhzoda. The study also discusses theoretical issues in translation studies, including the problems of translation adequacy, congeniality, preservation of the authorʼs stylistic features, and the translatorʼs deep knowledge of language and culture. In addition, translations from the literatures of related Turkic peoples are emphasized as an important factor in strengthe ning literary and cultural connections. Summarizing the existing translation experience, the author proposes important scholarly conclusions regarding the prospects and future directions of Uzbek translation and translation studies. Translation, translatio n studies, translator, congeniality, realia, creative translation, literal translation, translation between cognate languages, folklore, poetry, drama, prose text.

This article explores the role of household lexicon in the English translations of the Alpomish epic and the strategies employed in its translation. The issues of identifying, classifying, and evaluating the methods used to render household lexical units o f the epic into English have been examined. The article analyses the place of household lexicon as a cultural lacuna in translation theory. The problem of linguistic and cultural divergences between Uzbek and English – particularly the absence of direct equivalents for such words as doʻppi, kebanak, toʻn, ipakroʻmol, and bahmaluyin English – and the considerable difficulties this situation creates for translators have been highlighted. The comparative, contrastive, and descriptive methods of analysis emplo yed in the study, as well as the criteria for dividing household lexicon into three semantic and cultural categories – clothing and adornments. Based on the findings of the analysis, the principal strategies employed by translators – transliteration, descr iptive translation, analogue translation, calque, and omission – have been discussed in detail. The distinctive advantages and limitations of each strategy, as well as the fact that none of them can fully ensure the preservation of cultural connotations, have been elaborated.In conclusion, the a rticle emphasizes that household lexicon constitutes an important element reflecting the cultural distinctiveness of the Alpomish epic as a significant work of oral literature, and substantiates that the target audience, the communicative purpose of the te xt, and the degree of cultural divergence must serve as the primary criteria in selecting an appropriate translation strategy. Alpomish epic, household lexicon, cultural lacunae, translation strategies, transliteration, descriptive translation, analoguetranslation, equivalence, calque, Uzbek culture, lexical gaps.

This article is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of the theoretical foundations of the concept of authorial style. The study interprets authorial style as a complex aesthetic-linguistic phenomenon that forms at the intersection of linguistics, literary studies, and translation studies. The article systematically elucidates the historical development of the phenomenon of st yle, various theoretical approaches to it, and the primary components that serve to define authorial style. Specifically, the lexical, syntactic, rhythmic - intonational, and figurative -metaphorical layers of authorial style are analyzed based on scholarly s ources, and the significance of the concept of an idiostylistic dominant in expressing authorial individuality is revealed. In the course of the research, the national, cultural, and aesthetic features of authorial style are comparatively examined through examples from the works of English and Uzbek literary figures. The article also discusses the challenges of preserving authorial style in literary translation, including lexical neutralization, syntactic transformations, and problems of metaphorical equiva lence. The research employed methods from contrastive stylistics, translation stylistics, and corpus stylistics. The findings contribute to the comprehensive study of authorial style, deepen the stylistic analysis of literary texts, and provide a scholarly basis for understanding the challenges of preserving stylistic features in translation. Authorial style, idiostylistics, lexical stylistics, syntactic stylistics, imagery, stylistic dominant, comparative analysis, English language, Uzbek language, literary text.

The article examines the author’s image and the cultural - pragmatic features of authorial speech in Hilda Hookham’s book “Tamburlaine the Conqueror” and their representation in Uzbek and Russian translations. The aim of the study is to identify the mechanisms of the author’s image formation in a historical literary text and to determine how cultural-pragmatic elements of authorial speech are conveyed in translation. To achieve this aim, the following tasks are addressed: to define the role of the author’s im age as a pragmatic category of a literary text; to identify linguistic and stylistic means expressing the author’s position; and to analyze translation strategies used to convey culturally marked vocabulary, metaphors and historical realia. The problem arises from the fact that authorial speech contains not only informative but also evaluative and pragmatic components that may undergo transformation in translation. The methodological framework includes linguopragmatic, comparative and contextual analysis. The results show that the author constructs her image through metaphors, historical terms, culturally marked vocabulary and evaluative expressions. The analysis of translations reveals different strategies of rendering authorial pragmatics. Book, author’s image, methods, to determine, to analyze, author’s speech.

This article scientifically analyzes the role of metamorphosis and transformation in recreating the female image in translations of works by Uzbek writers. The main purpose of the study is to identify how the female image changes under the influence of cultural, social, and linguistic factors in the translation process, and to reveal the impact of these changes on artistic content, aesthetic effect, and national-cultural load. The problem is that when the natio nal characteristics of the female image are transferred into another language, semantic, pragmatic, and stylistic losses may occur. The study uses comparative- analytical, descriptive, and interpretive methods. The results show that metamorphosis causes a s emantic shift in the image, while transformation leads to the restructuring of its linguistic units and expressive form. Although some national, religious, and moral layers become simplified, the translator creates a new aesthetic balance in conveying the content to the target audience. In well-known works of Uzbek literature, the female character is portrayed as patient, loyal, and spiritually strong. In the original text, her character is revealed mainly through her actions and inner experiences. In concl usion, recreating the female image in translation is a complex creative process shaped by the interaction of language, culture, and literary interpretation. Metamorphosis, transformation, the female image, translation, works translator, interpretation.

This article examines the lexical-semantic features of football terms in English and Uzbek from a comparative perspective. The main aim of the study is to classify terms used in football discourse according to their semantic content, nominative function, sphere of use and functional characteristics, as well as to identify the ways in which they are expressed in the two languages. The article summarizes major theoretical approaches to terminological classification and analyzes football terms on the basis of nominative, procedural, regulatory, result-statistical and strategic criteria. The research employs comparative, descriptive, lexical-semantic and componential methods of analysis. The findings demonstrate that English football terms are often concise, internationally recognizable and relatively standardized, whereas their Uzbek equivalents are formed through borrowing, calquing, descriptive phrases and parallel variants. The study contributes to defining the internal semantic field of football terminology, systematizing Uzbek equivalents of English football terms and clarifying norms of term usage in sports discourse. The results may be useful for terminology studies, translation practice, lexicography and the teaching of specialized vocabulary in comparative linguistics.

This article examines the communicative and semiotic nature of nonverbal means in modern linguistics. It discusses the role of nonverbal units in transmitting information, expressing emotional states, and regulating communicative interaction. The study analyzes the main forms of nonverbal communication, including kinesics, facial expressions, oculesics, haptics, proxemics, chronemics, and paralinguistic means, emphasizing their semiotic and functional characteristics. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between nonverbal signs, communicative situations, cultural norms, and social factors. The findings demonstrate that nonverbal means function in close interaction with verbal speech and play a significant role in constructing communicative meaning.