KOMPARATIVISTIKA

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the

pedagogical and psychological aspects of developing lexical

skills in future English language teachers within a modern,

innovative educational environment. It emphasizes the intrinsic

connection between language and thought, interpreting lexical

skill not merely as word selection and usage, but as an integral

component of cognitive and speech processes. The article

scientifically distinguishes between expressive (productive) and

receptive lexical skills, elucidating their roles in verbal

communication. Additionally, it examines the fundamental

characteristics of lexical skills, such as automaticity, stability, and

adaptability, highlighting their importance in the teaching

process. The paper outlines effective strategies for expanding

vocabulary and reinforcing lexical competence in future teachers

through the utilization of modern information and

communication technologies and interactive methods. It also

addresses the conditions necessary for overcoming negative

interference between the target language and the mother tongue,

and for developing strong foreign language proficiency. The

article systematically explores the stages of lexical skill

formation, including the guiding-preparatory, stereotyping-

situational, and variable-situational phases. Intended for

philology students, postgraduates, and practicing teachers, this

work serves as a valuable resource for organizing engaging and

meaningful lessons and for enhancing the professional

qualifications of educators.

The article is devoted to the study of theoretical and

methodological foundations of cross-cultural linguodidactics as a new

direction in language teaching methodology. The conceptual

provisions of linguoculturology and intercultural communication

theory, which serve as a methodological foundation for forming a

cross-cultural paradigm of language education, are examined. The key

ideas of the founders of intercultural communication theory (E. Hall,

G. Hofstede, F. Trompenaars) are analyzed, as well as the contribution

of Russian scholars (E. M. Vereshchagin, V. G. Kostomarov, I. I.

Khaleeva, Yu. N. Karaulov) to the development of linguocultural

studies and the concept of secondary linguistic personality. The article

substantiates the position that cross-culturality is an interdisciplinary

concept integrating linguistic, cultural, and linguodidactic aspects. The

research methodology based on the principles of systematicity,

interdisciplinarity, and cultural conditioning of language is described.

Particular attention is paid to cross-cultural linguodidactics as a

practical implementation of cross-cultural principles in a multiethnic

linguistic and cultural space. It is determined that the formation of

cross-cultural competence is a necessary condition for effective

intercultural communication in the modern multicultural world. The

research results can be used in the practice of teaching native and

foreign languages, as well as in developing curricula and

methodological materials for the language education system.

This article explores the linguistic interpretation of the

categories of evidentiality and epistemic modality. It presents

definitions and descriptions of these two categories as provided by

global scholars and analyzes contexts drawn from literary discourse.

It is noted that while evidentiality is viewed as a grammatical

category in some languages and a lexical one in others, it can also be

interpreted as a pragmatic category in Turkic languages.

Furthermore, there are languages where the category of evidentiality

has not yet been fully defined. Through evidentiality, the listener

becomes aware of the source of the information conveyed by the

speaker: whether the speaker witnessed the event firsthand, heard it,

or reached a logical conclusion based on certain evidence, and

transmits this logical perspective to second, third, and other parties.

The reality described in the message may or may not have occurred,

yet both facts are perceived by the listener as truthful information.

Not only verbs of perception but also other parts of speech, such as

adverbs, prepositions, and nouns, can actively participate in

expressing evidentiality. In this article, the categories of evidentiality

and epistemic modality in English, German, Russian, and Uzbek are

identified and analyzed within the contexts of oral speech and literary

discourse.

This article explores the role and development dynamics of

globalisms as a rapidly evolving layer of vocabulary in the context

of globalization. The study focuses on the processes of borrowing

and adaptation of English lexical units in the Russian and Uzbek

languages, examined from both diachronic and synchronic

perspectives. Particular attention is paid to phonetic-phonological,

morphological, and semantic adaptation mechanisms, as well as to

the derivational potential of globalisms in the compared languages.

The research argues that globalisms function not only as

nominative units for denoting new realities but also as significant

elements of socio-cultural and pragmatic discourse, reflecting

transformations in linguistic consciousness. Comparative analysis

reveals that globalisms in Russian demonstrate a higher degree of

institutionalization and normative stabilization, whereas in Uzbek

their integration occurs within the framework of active language

policy and competition with national equivalents.

The findings contribute to the fields of comparative lexicology,

sociolinguistics, and language contact theory, and may serve as a

theoretical basis for further research into neological processes and

issues of linguistic norm under globalization.

Incorporation, understood as the inclusion of morphemes

with independent lexical meaning into the composition of another

word, and complex word formation based on combining existing

stems to create a new lexeme, occupy an important place in the

system of mechanisms for forming a language's vocabulary. Despite

the obvious differences between these word-formation processes,

linguistics often encounters situations where distinguishing them

presents difficulties. This is because incorporation generally acts as

a phenomenon at the boundary between morphology and syntax, as

it unites elements that are expressed by syntactic constructions in

other language systems. In turn, complex word formation is

predominantly morphological in nature and aims to expand the

nominative fund of the language.

Nevertheless, in some cases, the formal structure of a word

can resemble a compound, although functionally it is closer to

incorporative models. Such transitional phenomena make it difficult

to develop universal classification criteria. Therefore, the relevance

of this research lies in the need to systematize existing approaches,

identify the most controversial aspects, and outline ways to address

the problem of distinguishing between incorporation and complex

word formation. The presented analysis aims to clarify terminology,

identify typological features, and form a more accurate theoretical

model of these processes.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of translation

strategies employed to convey substandard vocabulary in literary

texts. The study focuses on the functioning of stylistically marked

units (colloquialisms, slang, archaisms, historical terms, poetic

expressions, and professional jargon) in G.A. Dolgaya's fantasy

novel “The Gods of the Middle World” and its English translation

by R. Thompson. The research methodology incorporates

comparative, contextual, componential, and stylistic analyses,

which allows for the identification of not only systemic differences

between language systems but also the pragmatic functions of

vocabulary in specific literary contexts. The analysis revealed

systematic patterns in the translator's approach, particularly

establishing that the dominant strategy is pragmatic adaptation. This

strategy prioritizes conveying denotative meaning and achieving

communicative effect over literal reproduction of the stylistic

register. The study demonstrates that the choice of a specific strategy

directly depends on the type of substandard vocabulary: translating

slang and colloquialisms is associated with the greatest losses, while

for professional jargon and historical terms, it is more often possible

to find direct equivalents. The article concludes that, despite the

overall adequacy of the translation, the focus on creating a “natural”

text for the target culture inevitably leads to a “smoothing out” of

the linguocultural uniqueness and Russified specificity of the

original. This phenomenon represents a key challenge in

intercultural communication when translating literary texts rich in

substandard vocabulary.

In modern Russian, it is quite common for one linguistic unit –

a word, its form, or an entire construction – to be used in a role

characteristic of another. The transposition of parts of speech

involves not only semantic reinterpretation but also the

transformation of the grammatical properties of the original unit,

ultimately leading to its transition to another lexical-grammatical

class. The article examines one type of transposition – the process of

substantivization in Russian and Uzbek languages, particularly the

transition of both content words and function words into the category

of nouns. It has been established that in the languages being

compared, adjectives and participles are most actively substantivized,

while pronouns and numerals transition to the category of nouns

significantly less frequently. As a result of substantivization, words

change their semantic, morphological, and syntactic characteristics,

and also undergo functional transformations.

The article also examines the linguistic factors causing the

manifestations of substantivization and investigates the ways in

which words from different parts of speech are substantivized in

Russian and Uzbek. The phenomenon of substantivization can be

observed in all speech styles of the compared languages; therefore,

this study presents examples from literary works and newspaper

articles where substantivized words are widely used. The conducted

research is of interest to specialists working in the field of

comparative linguistics.

The article focuses on identifying and systematizing the

intertextual functions of stylistically marked words in literary texts,

which allows for an assessment of their role in creating the semantic

multilevel of a work. The research employs an integrative approach,

combining intertextual analysis, linguostylistics, and the

interpretation of semantic effects, which together ensure a

comprehensive examination of linguistic phenomena. Based on the

works of Ch. Aitmatov, it has been established that archaic, obsolete,

and colloquial words function not only as markers of functional style

but also as active tools of intertextual dialogue, directing the reader's

attention to hidden cultural and historical meanings. A typology has

been developed that includes five main intertextual functions of

stylistic markers: signaling, stylizing, actualizing, identifying, and

multi-level. Each of these reveals a specific way the text interacts with

the cultural context, creating additional layers of interpretation.

Special attention is paid to the relationship between stylistically

marked vocabulary and quantitative designations, through which the

stylistic coloring and lexical meaning of a word serve as indicators of

the scale of influence, social hierarchy, and collective experience. It

was found that stylistically marked words with quantitative meaning

act as navigational signals that facilitate the decoding of allusions and

foster active collaboration between the author and the reader.

Consequently, stylistically colored vocabulary with quantitative

meaning becomes an important element in the poetics of literary texts.

The obtained results demonstrate that language becomes a means of

profound cultural dialogue, opening new perspectives for the

development of intertextuality theory and understanding the

mechanisms of creating artistic meaning.

The article examines the typology of taboo vocabulary in Russian

and Uzbek linguocultures through ethnographic descriptions of

rituals, everyday practices, and family-life scenarios. Based on

lexicographic sources, ethnographic records, and contemporary

media texts, it identifies the central thematic domains of tabooing and

the cultural codes that underlie them. Particular attention is given to

euphemisation strategies, including metaphorical and metonymic

renamings, periphrastic constructions, borrowings, and clipped

forms that enable indirect reference while preserving culturally

salient meanings. The study demonstrates that the selection of a

euphemism is shaped not only by the degree of prohibitedness of the

referent but also by communicative intention, discourse type, and the

addresseeʼs expectations. The proposed model, correlating categories

of taboo vocabulary with corresponding types of euphemistic

substitution, offers a more precise account of the dynamics of value

orientations and the shifting boundaries of the permissible in Russian

and Uzbek linguocultures, and provides implications for

lexicography, corpus annotation, and the teaching of intercultural

communication.

This article analyzes archival materials in Russian Oriental studies

related to Uzbek classical literature, particularly in the field of Babur

studies, which have so far remained outside the attention of the scholarly

community. The research is primarily based on sources preserved in major

academic centers in Saint Petersburg, including the archives of the

National Library of Russia, the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the

Institute of Oriental Manuscripts. The study employs archival Oriental

studies and imagology as methodological frameworks in order to

reconsider the historical-literary process and to illuminate previously

unknown aspects of Russian Babur studies.

The focus of the article is the published and unpublished scholarly

legacy of A.N. Samoylovich. His reviews of translations of the

“Baburnama,” his efforts to prepare a complete edition of the “Mubayyin,”

and his textual studies of the Paris and Rampur manuscripts of Baburʼs

Divan are introduced into academic circulation. The article also examines

manuscript materials related to the second part of “The Collection of

Poems of Emperor Babur.” Particular attention is paid to Samoylovichʼs

principles of translation studies, his rigorous and principled approach to

textual interpretation, and his observations concerning the genre, meter,

and linguistic features of Baburʼs poetry. In addition, the composition of

the Paris and Rampur manuscripts of Baburʼs Divan, their differences,

poems not included in the divans, and the comparative study of poetic

texts found in the “Baburnama” and other sources constitute significant

scholarly findings of the article. The study argues that examining archival

materials from imagological and textual perspectives contributes to the

development of new research directions in Uzbek literary studies and

provides an opportunity to reconstruct the history of Babur studies more

comprehensively and objectively.

This article provides an artistic and aesthetic analysis of

Khurshid Dostmuhammadʼs story “Ten Seconds” based on

theoretical approaches of modern literary studies. The research

aims to examine the intensity of time in the story, the manifestation

of individual consciousness in a confined space, and the artistic

modeling of life choices. The article addresses the issue of timeʼs

accelerated concept in modern prose and how human

consciousness adapts to this process. The research methodology

relies on theoretical perspectives developed by Russian, Western,

and Uzbek schools of literary criticism. The study employs

philosophical, psychological, and structural analysis methods. The

analysis demonstrates that the story transcends its sports-based

plot to serve as an ontological model of human life, with the

hundred-step distance and ten-second interval symbolically

representing a human lifespan. The work is shown to illuminate

inner experiences, moral choices, and intellectual awakening

through its sports narrative. The storyʼs open ending and symbolic

structure can be viewed as aesthetic mechanisms that invite active

reader interpretation. In conclusion, the article scientifically

establishes that the story is a significant artistic phenomenon in

modern Uzbek prose, addressing issues of individuality, time, and

consciousness on a philosophical and psychological level.

In medical practice, the use of English slang, abbreviations, and

acronyms presents a dual-natured challenge: while facilitating rapid

professional communication, it simultaneously hinders patient

comprehension, undermines clinical safety, and raises ethical

concerns. This article analyzes various types of English medical

jargon and their impact on clinical discourse and patient outcomes.

Drawing on the Plain Language approach and the organizational

framework of Health Literacy, the study explores strategies to

mitigate communicative barriers. Furthermore, the paper discusses

practical recommendations for jargon management, including

adherence to international standards—such as The Joint

Commissionʼs “Do Not Use” list and the integration of automated

digital tools. Evidence suggests that limiting non-standard

terminology, clarifying acronyms in documentation, and adopting

simplified language in clinician-patient interactions significantly

improve clinical safety and efficacy. Given the global predominance

of English in international cooperation, telemedicine, and scientific

exchange, addressing the proliferation of jargon has become a critical

necessity. The study concludes with a comparative analysis of

standardized medical terminology versus jargon, offering evidence-

based proposals for safer communicative practices.

This article presents a comparative analysis of the somatic

phraseological model "tongue-head" in Yusuf Khass Hajibʼs work

"Kutadgu Bilig" from the perspectives of linguoculturology and

translation studies. The study examines the concept "red tongue -

enemy of the black head," which forms the core essence of the work,

based on the original text, K. Karimovʼs Uzbek rendition, and English

translations by Walter May and Robert Denkoff. The degree of

equivalence is evaluated through translation strategies such as

calquing, idiomatic substitution, explication, and amplification.

Analysis reveals that Walter May, aiming for greater functional

equivalence, incorporated artistic rhythm and additional punishment

scenarios (amplification) into the text, making it more accessible to

English readers. Robert Denkoff, however, prioritized preserving the

originalʼs figurative structure and features of ancient Turkic culture,

adhering to the principle of foreignization. The article also proposes

scholarly interpretations of the semantic nuances of words like

"yeyur/yanur" in the verses and their modern Uzbek equivalents,

drawing on G. Clausonʼs etymological dictionary. Furthermore, it

substantiates that the quatrains of "Kutadgu Bilig" possess not only

moral teachings but also a sophisticated compositional and semantic

structure.

This article comprehensively examines the rich artistic legacy

of the renowned Turkish writer Yasar Kemal, his place and

significance in world literature. Specifically, it analyzes the creation

history of the novel “Memed, My Hawk” which introduced the author

to the world, the artistic and aesthetic features of the work, its intrinsic

connection with folklore, and the socio-political ideas reflected in it.

The article provides detailed information about the novelʼs

translations into various languages across different periods, the work

of translators, multiple editions of the book, and their characteristics.

Furthermore, it scientifically analyzes the unique position of

“Memed, My Hawk” in the writerʼs oeuvre, its role in promoting

Turkish literature on a global scale, and the reception and evaluation

of its translations in international literary studies. In translating socio-

political literature, which is closely tied to the expressiveness of

language, it is necessary to address certain artistic and creative

challenges. This demanded literary skill from the translator. This

article serves as an important theoretical and practical resource for

young specialists, researchers, and scholars engaged in translation

studies, aiding in understanding the study of Yasar Kemalʼs work, the

achievements of his translations, and their significance in the

international arena.

In this article, reflections are offered on the phenomenon of

translating Maxtumquliʼs works into Turkic languages (Uzbek,

Karakalpak, Azerbaijani, and Turkmen), with particular attention to

the phenomenon of translation of Maxtumquliʼs works within the

literatures of kindred peoples. The article explores the role of

Makhtumquli in the translation of classical texts and in the literary

ties between the fraternal Uzbek-Turkmen, Karakalpak, and

Azerbaijani literatures. In particular, it examines the translation and

historical development of classical poetic and prose texts, their study

as academic research, their role in revealing the history of literary and

cultural relations, forms of literary influence and mutual diffusion,

and the issues of literary tradition and its interpretation.

It is substantiated that Uzbek, Karakalpak, and Azerbaijani

scholars have achieved significant academic results in translating

Makhtumquliʼs works, and that the study and translation of his rich

legacy continue consistently to this day. The article also highlights

the harmony between poetic imagery and layers of meaning in these

translations.

Furthermore, the article analyzes the phenomenon of translating

Maxtumquliʼs works in the literatures of related peoples, as well as

several remarks made regarding the translations of the poetʼs works

into related languages. The role of Makhtumquliʼs figurative

expressions - his imagery - in the formation of artistic style and poetic

coherence is elucidated. The article also discusses the deep historical

roots of Uzbek, Karakalpak, Azerbaijani, and Turkmen literary

relations, as well as their connection to the shared culture, language,

and lifestyle of these peoples.

This article provides a comprehensive comparative and

typological study of the mechanisms of propaganda in totalitarian

societies and their impact on individual psychology, as depicted in

Ray Bradburyʼs “Fahrenheit 451” and Ahmad Azamʼs “Roʻyo yoxud

Gʻulistonga safar” (A Dream or a Journey to Gulistan). The relevance

of the research is defined by the parallel examination of information

manipulation and social control methods within the framework of the

dystopian genre in the contexts of both Western and Uzbek literature.

In this study, propaganda is analyzed not merely as a political

institution but as a tool for diminishing societyʼs intellectual

potential, erasing historical memory, and transforming the individual

into a manageable object of mass culture. In the article comparatively

explores linguistic and aesthetic phenomena such as book burning,

information censorship, manipulation via visual screens, and the

transformation of language into an ideological weapon as reflected in

both works.

The analysis indicates that while Bradbury depicts a conscious

abandonment of thought facilitated by technological progress,

Ahmad Azam portrays this process through metaphorical imagery

and the specific socio–national manifestations of a totalitarian

regime. The article concludes that propaganda mechanisms in

dystopian works lead to the suppression of critical thinking, the

devaluation of communication, and, ultimately, a spiritual crisis. The

findings of the research serve as a significant theoretical resource for

modern comparative studies, literary sociology, and discourse

analysis.

This article examines "Letters to My Son," a work by Philip

Dormer Stanhope Chesterfield, a prominent figure in 18th–century

English literature, which holds a special place in world epistolary

heritage, through the lens of humanistic ideas. The study analyzes the

principles of humanism, enlightenment, and moral perfection

reflected in the authorʼs letters to his son Philip Stanhope. The article

evaluates Chesterfieldʼs humanistic views not as mere theoretical

conclusions, but as practical philosophy related to an individualʼs

proper place in society, mastery of ethical norms, and enhancement

of intellectual potential.

While revealing the pedagogical and educational significance of

the work, the article emphasizes aspects of the "ideal gentleman"

concept based on human dignity and mutual respect. Additionally, the

relevance of Chesterfieldʼs teachings in shaping modern educational

systems and interpersonal communication culture is scientifically

substantiated. The conclusions confirm that the work is not only a

literary–historical document but also a humanistic concept aimed at

developing human personality. Specifically, Chesterfieldʼs letters

stress the importance of living a righteous and just life, being a well–

mannered and responsible person in society, as well as personal

growth through acquiring knowledge and cultural experience. The

study also demonstrates that in his recommendations to his son, the

author conveys humanistic views, human values, and educational

principles through artistic means of expression, further enhancing the

workʼs educational and enlightening significance.

This article is devoted to the study of the theoretical and poetic

foundations of childrenʼs literature and the issues of artistic

psychologism within it. The work analyzes childrenʼs literature as a

unique artistic system developing at the intersection of pedagogy,

psychology, and literary studies. The research highlights the

transformation of didactic content into artistic forms, plot dynamics,

and the principles of psychological authenticity in the system of

characters. Furthermore, the article synthesizes theoretical

perspectives from world and national literary scholarship, providing

a scientific basis for the functional role of artistic psychologism in

shaping the aesthetic taste and spiritual worldview of young readers.

In the article, the aesthetic principle and criteria of artistry are

considered as an important theoretical concept, and the necessity of

ensuring aesthetic influence in childrenʼs literature through means of

depiction appropriate to the age characteristics of the reader, simple

and fluent, and at the same time artistically high is substantiated. The

“double address” principle, widely used in Western literary studies,

is analyzed, and it is revealed that texts intended for children

simultaneously present different levels of meaning to both childrenʼs

and adult audiences.

This article examines the artistic reflection of social issues in

the novels of prominent figures in English literature, Kazuo Ishiguro

and William Golding, based on comparative-typological principles.

The central focus of the research is the authorsʼ works “Never Let Me

Go,” “The Remains of the Day,” “Lord of the Flies,” and “The Spire,”

which analyze the problems of human nature, social hierarchy,

memory, and identity. In Kazuo Ishiguroʻs works, social issues are

primarily illuminated through the charactersʼ internal psychological

experiences, nostalgia, and processes of reassessing the past. In

contrast, William Goldingʻs works reveal the conflict between

civilization and savagery, the fragmentation of society, and the

dominance of primitive instincts in the human mind through dramatic

events and symbolic imagery. The study employs comparative-

historical and psychological methods to identify the distinctive

aspects of both writersʼ approaches to moral crises in society and

personal responsibility. The analysis results demonstrate that Ishiguro

portrays the influence of social pressure on individual freedom

through characters like Stevens, while Golding depicts the

manifestation of human evil through collective actions in conditions

of weakened social control. In conclusion, it is argued that these

writersʼ works serve as an important source for the artistic

interpretation of current problems in modern society and for

understanding humanityʼs moral choices.

This article comprehensively analyzes the linguopoetic,

cognitive, and cultural layers of poetic speech based on the

anthropocentric paradigm, a priority area in modern linguistics. The

research aims to interpret poetic text as a complex discursive

phenomenon arising from the organic integration of human thought,

language systems, and socio–cultural contexts. The article examines

the distinctive features of poetic speech not only from the perspective

of artistic devices but also as a process of the subjectʼs (authorʼs)

cognitive perception of the world and its transformation into lyrical

speech. The study scientifically substantiates the role of linguistic and

extralinguistic factors in shaping poetic discourse, the communicative

strategies of the lyrical “I,” and the aesthetic impact of the text.

Furthermore, the article focuses on the formation of conceptual

metaphors in poetry and their connection to national–cultural

mentality. While analyzing poetic speech in relation to the human

factor, it also attempts to uncover the cognitive structures underlying

the linguistic construction of the text. The research findings

contribute to enriching theoretical perspectives in cognitive

linguistics, linguopoetics, and discourse analysis, serving as a

valuable resource for specialists studying literary texts from an

anthropocentric viewpoint.

This article analyzes tourist discourse, one of the current areas of focus

in modern linguistics, using a linguopragmatic approach. The main goal of

the research is to determine the interrelationship between lexical devices,

communicative strategies, and pragmatic functions used in tourist texts. The

article highlights the genre features of tourist discourse, lexical layers, and

the functional role of evaluative, terminological, metaphorical, and

figurative units in influencing the addressee. It also analyzes the pragmatic

significance of idealization, exoticization, and nationalization strategies in

tourist communication. In the context of digital technology development,

the multimodal and interactive features of tourist discourse and new

communicative models emerging on virtual platforms are examined

separately. The research results demonstrate that lexical choices in tourist

discourse are subject to communicative intentions and pragmatic goals, and

have theoretical and practical significance for analyzing, translating, and

creating texts intended for the tourism industry. Various levels of

specialized vocabulary are used in tourist discourse. Along with

professional terms (transfer, check-in, voucher, all-inclusive, overbooking,

charter), commonly used words are also actively employed. Issues related

to this lexical stratification are discussed in connection with the multi-

layered nature of discourse.

This article presents a comparative analysis of the artistic and

comedic functions of nicknames in English and Uzbek comedies. The

main focus is on the role of nicknames in character creation, their

significance in generating satirical irony, and their function as a

means of eliciting laughter. The research employs comparative-

literary, linguopoetic, and semantic-pragmatic approaches. The study

material includes works by W. Shakespeare, G. Chaucer, R. B.

Sheridan, O. Wilde, and G. B. Shaw from English comedies, as well

as comedies by Hamza Hakimzoda, Abdulla Qodiriy, Gafur Gulom,

Abdulla Qahhor, and Sharof Boshbekov from Uzbek literature. The

research reveals that nicknames in comedies serve not only as simple

naming devices but also as effective tools for revealing character

personalities, social criticism, and satire. Specifically, in English

comedies, nicknames function to ironically expose social types and

swiftly convey a character's inner essence, while in Uzbek comedies,

they are employed to draw moral conclusions through laughter,

reflecting folk speech and national humor. Furthermore, the study

illuminates both common and distinctive aspects of nicknames in

English and Uzbek comedy traditions, contributing to a deeper

understanding of the nomination issue in the comedy genre.

The protagonist of Frances Hodgson Burnettʼs “The Secret

Garden” (1911), Mary Lennox, is the subject of this articleʼs

psychological analysis, which focuses on her shift from emotional

detachment to empathy and self-awareness. The issue raised is the

underappreciated psychological aspect of Burnettʼs works in

Edwardian childrenʼs literature, where moral instruction frequently

took precedence over personal experience. The studyʼs objectives

are to define the creative processes by which Burnett depicts

individuation and healing and to examine Maryʼs psychological

development as an illustration of early literary psychologism.

Determining the phases of Maryʼs emotional development,

analyzing the gardenʼs symbolism, and analyzing how character,

place, and nature interact as means of self-discovery are some

research assignments. Hermeneutic approach and contextual

analysis are applied as main methods. The findings show that

Burnett presents a childʼs rehabilitation as both moral and

psychological rebirth by externalizing Maryʼs inner transformation

using spatial metaphors, natural images, and interactive

interactions. In conclusion, “The Secret Garden” offers a timeless

example of emotional resilience, empathy, and self-integration in

childrenʼs literature by fusing Edwardian moral ideals with an

advanced psychological reality.

This article discusses the application of computer technologies and

automated systems in creating thematic dictionaries. It explores the

transformation of traditional dictionary creation methods into data-

driven and technology-based processes, including the use of large

corpora, natural language processing tools, automatic term extraction,

definition creation models, and word sense networks. Furthermore, it

highlights features of tools such as Lexonomy, TLex Suite, FLEx,

and the OntoLex-Lemon model that support word form management,

semantic templating, category creation, and example sentence

generation. The article addresses methodologies like corpus

linguistics, dictionary comparison, quantitative data analysis, and

hypothesis testing for developing local dictionaries. Results indicate

that utilizing these tools accelerates, simplifies, and enhances the

process of connecting ideas in dictionary creation. However, it also

presents certain challenges, particularly evident in morphologically

complex languages like Uzbek. The article also examines features of

lexicographic tools that better align with the demands of modern

language and technology.

The article analyzes the features of the manifestation of

illocutionary and perlocutionary speech acts in advertising discourse

in the field of education in the Uzbek language from a

communicative-pragmatic point of view. The main goal of the

research is to reveal the dialectical relationship between the speakerʼs

intention (illocuction) and the resulting effect (perlocution) on the

listener in advertising texts. The work examines the illocutionary

features inherent in educational advertising, such as direct call to

action, promise of results, confidence in the methodology, and

arousal of a sense of urgency. Perlocutionary influence on the

audience is considered as an example of emotional, cognitive, and

behavioral changes. In the process of analysis, the pragmatic

possibilities of emotional-evaluative vocabulary, exclamation and

imperative forms, as well as modal units, are substantiated based on

various advertising samples. It has been established that these

linguistic tools perform such strategic tasks as instilling confidence

in the consumer, forming motivation, and encouraging decision-

making. The conclusions of the study are of great practical

importance in the development of effective advertising strategies in

the field of education, establishing interactive communication with

the audience, and a deeper understanding of the pragmalinguistic

nature of advertising language.

This article presents a comparative analysis of the linguistic,

cultural, and semantic features of paremiological units expressing the

concept of fear (peur/ qoʻrquv) in French and Uzbek. The aim of the

research is to identify how the feeling of fear is interpreted in

proverbs, sayings, aphorisms, and other fixed expressions in the two

languages, as well as to reveal their cultural–pragmatic meanings.

Objectives: (1) To determine the paremiological verbalization of the

concept of fear. (2) To classify paremiological units according to their

themes, semantics, and functions. (3) To highlight similarities and

differences in the cultural contexts of France and Uzbekistan. The

problem lies in the fact that, up to now, the expression of fear in folk

wisdom and its pragmatic functions have not been systematically

studied. Methodology: linguistic–cultural, comparative–analytical,

and semantic methods of analysis were used. The results showed that

in French proverbs, fear is more often expressed in a philosophical

and psychological manner, whereas in Uzbek proverbs it is

manifested in a moralizing and didactic form. Conclusion: fear is a

universal emotional concept that receives its unique interpretation in

the worldview, mentality, and experience of each nation. This article

contributes to a deeper understanding of the relationship between

language and culture.

This article analyzes the artistic and aesthetic expression of

symbolism through detailed imagery in the works of Nazar Eshonqul,

a representative of Uzbek literature, and the Argentine writer Jorge

Luis Borges. The main objective of the research is to explore the role

of details in the system of imagery, the process of their transformation

into symbols, and consequently, the revelation of philosophical,

spiritual, and metaphysical meanings in the writersʼ works. In both

authorsʼ writings, details are employed not as simple artistic devices,

but as symbolic codes reflecting the inner world of individuals and

the complex contradictions in understanding reality. In Nazar

Eshonqulʼs works, detailed imagery expresses the spiritual depth of

Eastern thought, symbolically revealing human spiritual suffering,

the desire for self–awareness, and the confrontation with eternity.

Jorge Luis Borges, in his works, conveys the main ideas of Western

philosophy through details, namely the infinity of knowledge, the

uncertainty of truth, and the boundlessness of human thought. The

article also examines the similarities and differences in symbolic

thinking between Nazar Eshonqul and Borges. The intellectual

symbolism of the West and the spiritual symbolism of the East

converge in their understanding of humanity and the essence of

existence. Detailed imagery serves as a philosophical bridge

connecting human consciousness and artistic perception in this

process. The study identifies the semantic possibilities of literary

details, the system of symbols, and their aesthetic and ideological

functions.

In this article, the linguo–cognitive interpretation of the

concept of “person (인간)” is analyzed on a broad scale through a

linguopoetic approach. The concept of person is explained as a

cognitive unit directly connected with human thinking, national

worldview, and cultural values, and several issues are identified in

understanding lexical – semantic, phraseological, and stylistic

means during linguo poetic analysis. The study scientifically

substantiates the necessity of analyzing the national–cultural

characteristics of the concept of person, its linguopoetic means of

expression, as well as its ethical and spiritual layers based on Uzbek

and Korean literary works. Such an approach demonstrates, from the

perspective of cognitive linguistics, the intrinsic connection

between language, thought, and culture in the concept of person.

The article conducts research using conceptual analysis,

comparative–linguopoetic, and cognitive–semantic methods. As a

result, the concept of person is interpreted as a central semantic unit

that represents an individualʼs personal and social essence, moral

values, and national identity. In Uzbek and Korean literary texts, this

concept is expressed through metaphorical and emotional means

characteristic of the national mentality, worldview, and system of

values. At the same time, the analysis of Korean literary works

enables students to extract the main ideas, understand different

semantic layers, and, when comparatively studying them with

Uzbek literary works, more deeply comprehend their semantic and

aesthetic dimensions.

As a result of globalization and the intensification of migration

processes, the number of bilingual and multilingual individuals is

rapidly increasing. This situation has made the study of

psycholinguistic features of code-switching in bilingual individuals an

urgent task in linguistics, psycholinguistics, and cognitive

psychology. The purpose of this study is to determine the general state,

development dynamics, and main trends of scientific research on the

cognitive and psycholinguistic aspects of code-switching in bilingual

individuals between 2002-2025 using bibliometric methods. In the

study, a total of 384 articles were selected from the ScienceDirect

scientific database using the keywords “code-switching,” “bilingual,”

and “switching costs.” These were analyzed using Excel software in

terms of years, publication types, methods used, geographical

distribution, and leading journals. The results revealed a sharp

increase in research in this field since 2019, with the majority of

studies conducted in the USA, China, and European countries. The

most active journals were found to be the “Journal of Pragmatics” and

“Language & Communication.” This analysis will serve as an

important resource for future researchers studying code-switching,

helping to guide research directions and identify existing gaps in the

field.

This article examines the discursive construction of Amir Timur’s

image within the English and Russian literary traditions, specifically

focusing on the functions of speech and voice. Through a comparative

approach and discourse analysis, the study explores how verbal

representation shapes perceptions of Timur’s power and historical

authority. The analysis contrasts Christopher Marlowe’s

Tamburlaine the Great, where Timur is a rhetorically powerful,

"exceptional hero" embodying Renaissance humanist ideals, with the

Russian literary tradition. In the latter, Timur’s voice is characterized

by restraint and indirect narration, fostering a critical distance and

ethical reflection on absolute power and violence. The findings reveal

that these divergent discursive strategies are deeply rooted in cultural

dispositions and models of historical memory. Ultimately, the study

highlights the role of literary speech in constructing political authority

and offers a nuanced understanding of Amir Timur as an intercultural

symbol.

This article explores how the family chronicle genre developed

during the twentieth century and how it was transformed in the works

of American writer Irwin Shaw, especially in Rich Man, Poor Man

(1970) and Beggar man, Thief (1977). Traditionally, the family

chronicle was associated with European authors such as John

Galsworthy and Thomas Mann, who used it to show how individuals

and society influence each other across several generations. Shaw

reinterprets this genre in the moral and social context of post-war

America, revealing how capitalist materialism weakens moral values

and personal integrity. His novels demonstrate that family

relationships reflect the nation’s identity and historical awareness. By

comparing Shaw’s approach with that of European predecessors and

placing his work within the broader context of Western realism, moral

philosophy, and American social criticism, this study highlights

Shaw’s unique contribution to the modern family chronicle. Through

close textual analysis, historical context, and the theories of Lukács,

Bakhtin, and Frye, it argues that Shaw’s moral realism transforms the

traditional chronicle into a deep exploration of conscience, social

pressure, and endurance. Ultimately, Shaw’s fiction shows that the

family remains a powerful moral and cultural symbol in twentieth-

century American life.

This study investigates how Uzbek vowels are described in Japanese-

language textbooks and what types of explanations are most effective for

Japanese learners. Six textbooks currently available in Japan were

analyzed, focusing on the vowels and their accompanying descriptions.

The analysis revealed that while /a/, /u/, and /e/ can be readily associated

with their Japanese counterparts, the vowels /o/ and /oʻ/ frequently cause

confusion, as Japanese learners are unfamiliar with the distinction

between them. Similarly, /i/ often presents difficulties, as it may be

realized as a schwa-like vowel or undergo devoicing, features absent in

Japanese. Textbook explanations vary considerably, and in some cases

provide insufficient information, which risks reinforcing

misunderstandings. Based on a comparative analysis of both vowel

systems, this paper proposes simplified pedagogical descriptions that

align with learnersʼ expectations while avoiding confusion. These include

presenting /o/ as a sound between a and o, and explaining /i/ as a vowel

that may sometimes not be pronounced. By offering such learner-oriented

explanations, it is possible to facilitate a smoother and more efficient

acquisition of Uzbek vowels for beginningJapanese learners of Uzbek.