KOMPARATIVISTIKA

This article analyzes the research methodology employed by

French orientalist Francis Richard in studying the manuscript book

art that flourished in Central Asia during the Shaybanid dynastyʼs

rule. Based on the authorʼs fundamental monograph “Le Siècle des

Shibanides,” his approaches to examining manuscripts in historical,

cultural, and political contexts, as well as his aesthetic and semiotic

interpretations of calligraphy and miniature art in manuscripts, are

explored through a distinctive analytical framework. In his research,

Richard evaluates manuscript materials not only as artistic objects but

also as cultural artifacts created within a socio-political context.

The article also highlights that Richardʼs approach is

significant from the perspective of comparative literary studies. He

conducts a comparative analysis of manuscripts with the book art of

other cultures, including Iran, India, and the Ottoman period.

The article concludes by emphasizing the scholarly

significance of Francis Richardʼs research in unveiling the complex

relationships between manuscript art, literary heritage, and cultural

patronage systems. Furthermore, it underscores that his approach can

be effectively applied in the fields of comparative literary studies, art

history, and historical source studies.

Today, translation remains one of the most relevant and

dynamic fields, with numerous issues still requiring scholarly

investigation. This article analyzes the challenges translators face

when dealing with realia—words and expressions related to the

culture and lifestyle of a particular nation—and examines the

differences between various cultures that complicate the translation

process.

In addition, the article offers effective strategies for translating

non-equivalent lexical units and selecting the most appropriate target

language equivalents. The paper also discusses cultural clashes that

arise during translation and explores the phenomenon of

“creolization,” where elements of source and target cultures merge.

The study highlights how translators’ decisions affect

intercultural proximity and adaptation to the target culture. It presents

various methods of translating realia and evaluates which of these

methods are most frequently used and why. To carry out the research,

biographical, comparative-typological, and structural analysis

methods were employed. The main aim of the article is to clarify

problematic lexical items in translation and illustrate the methods and

strategies for their effective rendering, supported by practical

examples.

Stylistic devices serve as essential tools in deepening the

semantic, pragmatic, and emotional layers of modern newspaper

texts. They enhance the communicative effectiveness of the text,

clarify and strengthen the authorʼs point of view, and establish direct

interaction with the reader. Through stylistic means, the author not

only conveys a personal perspective but also invites the reader into a

specific ideological, social, or political position.

This article offers an in-depth analysis of stylistic devices in

newspaper texts from discursive, stylistic, and pragmatic

perspectives. According to Geoffrey Leechʼs concept of “pragmatic

stylistic devices,” stylistic elements are not merely decorative; they

are integral components of communicative strategy. Additionally,

Norman Faircloughʼs critical discourse analysis approach explains

how expressive means contribute to the construction of social realities

within media discourse. In his view, these stylistic tools not only

serve aesthetic purposes but also carry ideological significance within

socio-cultural and political contexts.

The study systematically examines the functional roles of

such devices, their semantic connotations, their impact on the tone

and structure of discourse, and their pragmatic effectiveness in

establishing dialogic relations with the audience. The research

findings offer valuable theoretical and practical insights for fields

such as text linguistics, stylistics, and media discourse analysis.

Among the various types of translation, literary translation

stands out as both a unique and highly complex process, requiring the

translator to preserve not only the semantic content but also the

stylistic and linguocultural features of the original. This complexity

necessitates the analysis of figurative language—particularly

epithets, which serve as key carriers of emotionality, imagery, and

cultural specificity—in the source language, and the use of

appropriate translation transformations to ensure equivalence in the

target language.

The article focuses on the use of translation strategies in

rendering epithets from Abdulhamid Cholponʼs novel “Night and

Day” into English by Christopher Fort. The main aim is to explore

the distinctive characteristics of epithets in literary translation

through the following objectives: identifying and classifying epithets

in both the source and target texts; analysing the translation

techniques employed—including literal translation, modulation, and

omission; and examining the impact of cultural and emotional

nuances on translation choices. The findings reveal that the translator

frequently adopted flexible, context-sensitive strategies rather than

strictly literal renderings, in order to preserve the stylistic integrity

and semantic richness of the original.

This article investigates the evolution of narrative architecture

and technological imagination in the solo novels of Neal Stephenson,

a leading figure in contemporary speculative fiction. Tracing a

literary trajectory from early works such as Zodiac (1988), through

the epistemologically rich Anathem (2008), to the scientifically

expansive Seveneves (2015), the study examines how Stephenson

synthesizes hard science, historical reconstruction, and metafictional

strategies to reconfigure the boundaries of science fiction. The article

argues that Stephenson’s oeuvre not only anticipates technological

futures but also engages with foundational philosophical and

epistemological questions. Employing a comparative thematic

methodology, the paper proposes a multi-tiered critical model to

articulate the structural complexity and intellectual ambition of his

fiction. Particular attention is given to how Stephenson’s narrative

tiering, stylistic hybridity, and speculative frameworks illustrate

tensions between scientific rationality, narrative voice, cultural

critique, and digital subjectivity. The discussion draws upon key

literary theorists and scholars of science fiction to situate Stephenson

within broader debates on genre, postmodernism, and technoculture.

This article provides a detailed analysis of the philological

aspects of reading competence in the process of teaching Korean. It

is emphasized that reading competence encompasses not only the

technical ability to read correctly and fluently but also the

comprehension of textual meaning, the interpretation of linguo-

cultural units, and the ability to appropriately apply them in various

communicative contexts. Furthermore, the study identifies

difficulties faced by Uzbek learners of Korean, particularly in

mastering Sino-Korean lexical items (한자어), idiomatic

expressions, onomatopoetic devices, as well as understanding the

compositional and structural features of texts. The article

substantiates the necessity of philological analysis of texts of different

genres from semantic, contextual, and linguo-cultural perspectives.

Such an approach fosters in learners the ability not only to understand

texts literally but also to grasp the cultural, historical, and social

connotations embedded within them. In addition, working with

authentic Korean texts helps students develop critical reading skills,

extract the main idea, compare various layers of meaning, and adapt

them to Uzbek communicative contexts. As a result, the article

highlights the significance of a philological approach in teaching

Korean as a foreign language and justifies the need to take linguo-

cultural factors into account in this process.

This article thoroughly analyzes the complex aspects of the

translation process between languages belonging to different

language families and differing in various respects, with a particular

focus on lexical-semantic challenges. Using Uzbek and English as

examples, it examines the differences between languages and the

impact of grammatical and stylistic variations on translation practice.

The study extensively explores lexical-semantic phenomena that

translators encounter when translating works from Uzbek into

English, such as synonymy, polysemy, idiomatic expressions, and

lexical gaps, along with the problems they present. Additionally, it

substantiates the importance of lexical choice and terminological

precision in translating historical and literary texts. The translation of

such works demands a specialized approach, as these texts embody

the authorʼs style, the spirit of the era, national-cultural elements,

religious terminology, poetic devices, historical terms, and period-

specific lexical units. The article emphasizes that translating

historical works requires not only linguistic competence but also

cultural knowledge, critical thinking, contextual understanding, and a

creative approach. Particular attention is given to the process of

selecting words from synonymous sets when translating historical

works from Uzbek into English. This article serves as a crucial

methodological foundation for translation theory, translation

pedagogy, and practical translation activities.

The novel, as an epic genre, stands out for its extensive formal

and temporal scope, its capacity to reflect social and philosophical

reality artistically, and its potential to address global themes through

literary expression. This universality allows it to be considered a

“literary chronicle of humanity.” The present article offers a

comparative-typological analysis of the novel “Paradise” by African

writer Abdulrazak Gurnah. The study examines the narrative

structure, system of characters, and their genealogical features within

the framework of literary theory.

The life story of the protagonist, Yusuf—a journey filled with

trials and adventures—is compared to the narrative of the Surah

“Yusuf” in the Holy Qurʼan. Commonalities and differences between

the religious text and the literary work are explored. The image of

twelve-year-old Yusuf, sold into slavery to a wealthy merchant due

to his parentsʼ debts, and the events that follow are analyzed in light

of religious interpretations using a comparative-typological method.

The article also addresses the theoretical challenges of

thematizing novels and offers reflections on the thematic direction of

“Paradise”, its social and spiritual dimensions, and their connection

to the essential characteristics of the novel as a genre.

The article analyzes the image of a historical figure – Amir Temur – in

works created in the genre of documentary story, from the point of view of the

authorʼs intent and aesthetic position. The main goal of the study is to determine the

role of the authorʼs selection criteria, attitude to historical sources and political and

ideological position in the formation of the image of a historical figure in historical

and artistic texts. The problem is considered to be the differences in the perception

and interpretation of Amir Temur by different writers, the degree of their objective

reflection of historical reality. Comparative-typological analysis, analysis of artistic

and legal sources, contextual approach are used as a methodological basis. For

comparative analysis, Justin Marozziʼs documentary novel “Tamerlane: sword of

Islam, conqueror of the world” and Pirimkul Kadyrovʼs novel “The Image of Amir

Temur” were selected. As a result of the analysis, it was established that the

formation of the image of a historical figure in documentary novels is closely

related to the authorʼs position, selection criteria for historical sources and political

and cultural context. The article also examines how authors maintain a balance

between historicity and artistic quality when depicting real events in historical

novels. In conclusion, the need for a harmonious combination of historical truth and

aesthetic interpretation in a fictional text is emphasized for an adequate

interpretation of the image of a historical figure.

This article is dedicated to the linguistic analysis of the concept of

"age," exploring its multifaceted meaning within the context of biological,

social, and cultural factors. It emphasizes that not only biological

parameters but also social structures and cultural perspectives of society

play a crucial role in defining age periods. The article examines age-related

linguistic stereotypes, their expression in various national languages,

cultural perceptions of age groups, and social relationships. Additionally, it

considers the representation of the age concept in lexicographic and

discursive sources, as well as the evolution of attitudes towards age across

different historical periods and cultures. The study is conducted based on

the integration of disciplines such as linguistics, sociology, and psychology,

highlighting the reflection of the age category in the language system,

socio-connotative layers of meaning, and semiotic aspects.

The author investigates national-cultural views on age groups, their

linguistic nomenclature, evaluative expressions, metaphors, and the

semantic features of phraseological units. Furthermore, the article explores

how age-related stereotypes are formed in different cultures, how they are

expressed in social language norms, and what ideological role language

plays in this process. Drawing from lexicographic, paremiological,

discursive, and sociolinguistic sources, the social, cultural, and semiotic

layers of the age category are analyzed, revealing the aesthetic, associative,

and identity-related functions of the concept of "age" within the national

linguistic worldview

The article is dedicated to analyzing the linguistic features of

homonymy in mammal names in English and Uzbek languages,

focusing on a total of 220 names from predator and even-toed

ungulate orders in both languages. The research aims to determine the

prevalence of homonymy in this lexical layer, classify its main types

including complete homonyms, homophones, homographs, and

capitonyms, and study their frequency distribution.

The study employs literature review, descriptive-analytical

method, lexico-semantic analysis, classification, and quantitative

analysis methods. Results show that approximately 30 animal names

in the English corpus exhibit homonymous characteristics, while no

homonymy was found in the Uzbek language for these two orders.

Among the identified homonymous phenomena, complete

homonyms and homophones are the most prevalent types, with

capitonyms also occupying a significant proportion. The research

reveals the interaction between zoological terminology and general

vocabulary, as well as the role of metaphors and cultural factors in

the emergence of homonymy.

The article is dedicated to the translation activity of

Abdulhamid Sulaymon oʻgʻli Choʻlpon, with particular focus on his

Uzbek translation of the novella “The Overcoat” by Russian writer

N.V.Gogol. A comparative analysis is conducted on the 1931 and

1936 editions of Choʻlponʼs translation of this work.

The main purpose of the article is to examine Choʻlponʼs skill

in translating the novella, address issues related to literary translation,

highlight certain differences between the source text and its

translation, explore Choʻlponʼs creative approach, and analyze the

lexical and phraseological choices made in the Uzbek version. To

achieve these objectives, the article explores the early stage of

Choʻlponʼs translation career, the publication of his initial translated

works, his significant role in the formation of the Uzbek school of

literary translation during the 1920s and 1930s, scholarly studies on

his translation legacy, and the specific process through which “The

Overcoat” was translated from Russian into Uzbek.

The analysis demonstrates that in his translation of “The

Overcoat”, Choʻlpon succeeded in conveying words, expressions,

and idiomatic phrases using language that resonated with Uzbek

readers, thereby enhancing the accessibility of the novellaʼs content.

Furthermore, the article discusses the textual and stylistic differences

observed between the 1931 and 1936 editions, as well as various

scholarly perspectives on the translationʼs literary and linguistic

qualities.

The findings underscore the necessity of further research on

the original manuscripts of Choʻlponʼs translated works. His version

of “The Overcoat” remains one of the finest examples of his mastery

in literary translation and represents a valuable contribution to the

development of Uzbek translation studies.