KOMPARATIVISTIKA

This article analyzes the research methodology employed by

French orientalist Francis Richard in studying the manuscript book

art that flourished in Central Asia during the Shaybanid dynastyʼs

rule. Based on the authorʼs fundamental monograph “Le Siècle des

Shibanides,” his approaches to examining manuscripts in historical,

cultural, and political contexts, as well as his aesthetic and semiotic

interpretations of calligraphy and miniature art in manuscripts, are

explored through a distinctive analytical framework. In his research,

Richard evaluates manuscript materials not only as artistic objects but

also as cultural artifacts created within a socio-political context.

The article also highlights that Richardʼs approach is

significant from the perspective of comparative literary studies. He

conducts a comparative analysis of manuscripts with the book art of

other cultures, including Iran, India, and the Ottoman period.

The article concludes by emphasizing the scholarly

significance of Francis Richardʼs research in unveiling the complex

relationships between manuscript art, literary heritage, and cultural

patronage systems. Furthermore, it underscores that his approach can

be effectively applied in the fields of comparative literary studies, art

history, and historical source studies.

Today, translation remains one of the most relevant and

dynamic fields, with numerous issues still requiring scholarly

investigation. This article analyzes the challenges translators face

when dealing with realia—words and expressions related to the

culture and lifestyle of a particular nation—and examines the

differences between various cultures that complicate the translation

process.

In addition, the article offers effective strategies for translating

non-equivalent lexical units and selecting the most appropriate target

language equivalents. The paper also discusses cultural clashes that

arise during translation and explores the phenomenon of

“creolization,” where elements of source and target cultures merge.

The study highlights how translators’ decisions affect

intercultural proximity and adaptation to the target culture. It presents

various methods of translating realia and evaluates which of these

methods are most frequently used and why. To carry out the research,

biographical, comparative-typological, and structural analysis

methods were employed. The main aim of the article is to clarify

problematic lexical items in translation and illustrate the methods and

strategies for their effective rendering, supported by practical

examples.

Stylistic devices serve as essential tools in deepening the

semantic, pragmatic, and emotional layers of modern newspaper

texts. They enhance the communicative effectiveness of the text,

clarify and strengthen the authorʼs point of view, and establish direct

interaction with the reader. Through stylistic means, the author not

only conveys a personal perspective but also invites the reader into a

specific ideological, social, or political position.

This article offers an in-depth analysis of stylistic devices in

newspaper texts from discursive, stylistic, and pragmatic

perspectives. According to Geoffrey Leechʼs concept of “pragmatic

stylistic devices,” stylistic elements are not merely decorative; they

are integral components of communicative strategy. Additionally,

Norman Faircloughʼs critical discourse analysis approach explains

how expressive means contribute to the construction of social realities

within media discourse. In his view, these stylistic tools not only

serve aesthetic purposes but also carry ideological significance within

socio-cultural and political contexts.

The study systematically examines the functional roles of

such devices, their semantic connotations, their impact on the tone

and structure of discourse, and their pragmatic effectiveness in

establishing dialogic relations with the audience. The research

findings offer valuable theoretical and practical insights for fields

such as text linguistics, stylistics, and media discourse analysis.

Among the various types of translation, literary translation

stands out as both a unique and highly complex process, requiring the

translator to preserve not only the semantic content but also the

stylistic and linguocultural features of the original. This complexity

necessitates the analysis of figurative language—particularly

epithets, which serve as key carriers of emotionality, imagery, and

cultural specificity—in the source language, and the use of

appropriate translation transformations to ensure equivalence in the

target language.

The article focuses on the use of translation strategies in

rendering epithets from Abdulhamid Cholponʼs novel “Night and

Day” into English by Christopher Fort. The main aim is to explore

the distinctive characteristics of epithets in literary translation

through the following objectives: identifying and classifying epithets

in both the source and target texts; analysing the translation

techniques employed—including literal translation, modulation, and

omission; and examining the impact of cultural and emotional

nuances on translation choices. The findings reveal that the translator

frequently adopted flexible, context-sensitive strategies rather than

strictly literal renderings, in order to preserve the stylistic integrity

and semantic richness of the original.

This article investigates the evolution of narrative architecture

and technological imagination in the solo novels of Neal Stephenson,

a leading figure in contemporary speculative fiction. Tracing a

literary trajectory from early works such as Zodiac (1988), through

the epistemologically rich Anathem (2008), to the scientifically

expansive Seveneves (2015), the study examines how Stephenson

synthesizes hard science, historical reconstruction, and metafictional

strategies to reconfigure the boundaries of science fiction. The article

argues that Stephenson’s oeuvre not only anticipates technological

futures but also engages with foundational philosophical and

epistemological questions. Employing a comparative thematic

methodology, the paper proposes a multi-tiered critical model to

articulate the structural complexity and intellectual ambition of his

fiction. Particular attention is given to how Stephenson’s narrative

tiering, stylistic hybridity, and speculative frameworks illustrate

tensions between scientific rationality, narrative voice, cultural

critique, and digital subjectivity. The discussion draws upon key

literary theorists and scholars of science fiction to situate Stephenson

within broader debates on genre, postmodernism, and technoculture.

This article provides a detailed analysis of the philological

aspects of reading competence in the process of teaching Korean. It

is emphasized that reading competence encompasses not only the

technical ability to read correctly and fluently but also the

comprehension of textual meaning, the interpretation of linguo-

cultural units, and the ability to appropriately apply them in various

communicative contexts. Furthermore, the study identifies

difficulties faced by Uzbek learners of Korean, particularly in

mastering Sino-Korean lexical items (한자어), idiomatic

expressions, onomatopoetic devices, as well as understanding the

compositional and structural features of texts. The article

substantiates the necessity of philological analysis of texts of different

genres from semantic, contextual, and linguo-cultural perspectives.

Such an approach fosters in learners the ability not only to understand

texts literally but also to grasp the cultural, historical, and social

connotations embedded within them. In addition, working with

authentic Korean texts helps students develop critical reading skills,

extract the main idea, compare various layers of meaning, and adapt

them to Uzbek communicative contexts. As a result, the article

highlights the significance of a philological approach in teaching

Korean as a foreign language and justifies the need to take linguo-

cultural factors into account in this process.

This article thoroughly analyzes the complex aspects of the

translation process between languages belonging to different

language families and differing in various respects, with a particular

focus on lexical-semantic challenges. Using Uzbek and English as

examples, it examines the differences between languages and the

impact of grammatical and stylistic variations on translation practice.

The study extensively explores lexical-semantic phenomena that

translators encounter when translating works from Uzbek into

English, such as synonymy, polysemy, idiomatic expressions, and

lexical gaps, along with the problems they present. Additionally, it

substantiates the importance of lexical choice and terminological

precision in translating historical and literary texts. The translation of

such works demands a specialized approach, as these texts embody

the authorʼs style, the spirit of the era, national-cultural elements,

religious terminology, poetic devices, historical terms, and period-

specific lexical units. The article emphasizes that translating

historical works requires not only linguistic competence but also

cultural knowledge, critical thinking, contextual understanding, and a

creative approach. Particular attention is given to the process of

selecting words from synonymous sets when translating historical

works from Uzbek into English. This article serves as a crucial

methodological foundation for translation theory, translation

pedagogy, and practical translation activities.

The novel, as an epic genre, stands out for its extensive formal

and temporal scope, its capacity to reflect social and philosophical

reality artistically, and its potential to address global themes through

literary expression. This universality allows it to be considered a

“literary chronicle of humanity.” The present article offers a

comparative-typological analysis of the novel “Paradise” by African

writer Abdulrazak Gurnah. The study examines the narrative

structure, system of characters, and their genealogical features within

the framework of literary theory.

The life story of the protagonist, Yusuf—a journey filled with

trials and adventures—is compared to the narrative of the Surah

“Yusuf” in the Holy Qurʼan. Commonalities and differences between

the religious text and the literary work are explored. The image of

twelve-year-old Yusuf, sold into slavery to a wealthy merchant due

to his parentsʼ debts, and the events that follow are analyzed in light

of religious interpretations using a comparative-typological method.

The article also addresses the theoretical challenges of

thematizing novels and offers reflections on the thematic direction of

“Paradise”, its social and spiritual dimensions, and their connection

to the essential characteristics of the novel as a genre.

The article analyzes the image of a historical figure – Amir Temur – in

works created in the genre of documentary story, from the point of view of the

authorʼs intent and aesthetic position. The main goal of the study is to determine the

role of the authorʼs selection criteria, attitude to historical sources and political and

ideological position in the formation of the image of a historical figure in historical

and artistic texts. The problem is considered to be the differences in the perception

and interpretation of Amir Temur by different writers, the degree of their objective

reflection of historical reality. Comparative-typological analysis, analysis of artistic

and legal sources, contextual approach are used as a methodological basis. For

comparative analysis, Justin Marozziʼs documentary novel “Tamerlane: sword of

Islam, conqueror of the world” and Pirimkul Kadyrovʼs novel “The Image of Amir

Temur” were selected. As a result of the analysis, it was established that the

formation of the image of a historical figure in documentary novels is closely

related to the authorʼs position, selection criteria for historical sources and political

and cultural context. The article also examines how authors maintain a balance

between historicity and artistic quality when depicting real events in historical

novels. In conclusion, the need for a harmonious combination of historical truth and

aesthetic interpretation in a fictional text is emphasized for an adequate

interpretation of the image of a historical figure.

This article is dedicated to the linguistic analysis of the concept of

"age," exploring its multifaceted meaning within the context of biological,

social, and cultural factors. It emphasizes that not only biological

parameters but also social structures and cultural perspectives of society

play a crucial role in defining age periods. The article examines age-related

linguistic stereotypes, their expression in various national languages,

cultural perceptions of age groups, and social relationships. Additionally, it

considers the representation of the age concept in lexicographic and

discursive sources, as well as the evolution of attitudes towards age across

different historical periods and cultures. The study is conducted based on

the integration of disciplines such as linguistics, sociology, and psychology,

highlighting the reflection of the age category in the language system,

socio-connotative layers of meaning, and semiotic aspects.

The author investigates national-cultural views on age groups, their

linguistic nomenclature, evaluative expressions, metaphors, and the

semantic features of phraseological units. Furthermore, the article explores

how age-related stereotypes are formed in different cultures, how they are

expressed in social language norms, and what ideological role language

plays in this process. Drawing from lexicographic, paremiological,

discursive, and sociolinguistic sources, the social, cultural, and semiotic

layers of the age category are analyzed, revealing the aesthetic, associative,

and identity-related functions of the concept of "age" within the national

linguistic worldview

The article is dedicated to analyzing the linguistic features of

homonymy in mammal names in English and Uzbek languages,

focusing on a total of 220 names from predator and even-toed

ungulate orders in both languages. The research aims to determine the

prevalence of homonymy in this lexical layer, classify its main types

including complete homonyms, homophones, homographs, and

capitonyms, and study their frequency distribution.

The study employs literature review, descriptive-analytical

method, lexico-semantic analysis, classification, and quantitative

analysis methods. Results show that approximately 30 animal names

in the English corpus exhibit homonymous characteristics, while no

homonymy was found in the Uzbek language for these two orders.

Among the identified homonymous phenomena, complete

homonyms and homophones are the most prevalent types, with

capitonyms also occupying a significant proportion. The research

reveals the interaction between zoological terminology and general

vocabulary, as well as the role of metaphors and cultural factors in

the emergence of homonymy.

The article is dedicated to the translation activity of

Abdulhamid Sulaymon oʻgʻli Choʻlpon, with particular focus on his

Uzbek translation of the novella “The Overcoat” by Russian writer

N.V.Gogol. A comparative analysis is conducted on the 1931 and

1936 editions of Choʻlponʼs translation of this work.

The main purpose of the article is to examine Choʻlponʼs skill

in translating the novella, address issues related to literary translation,

highlight certain differences between the source text and its

translation, explore Choʻlponʼs creative approach, and analyze the

lexical and phraseological choices made in the Uzbek version. To

achieve these objectives, the article explores the early stage of

Choʻlponʼs translation career, the publication of his initial translated

works, his significant role in the formation of the Uzbek school of

literary translation during the 1920s and 1930s, scholarly studies on

his translation legacy, and the specific process through which “The

Overcoat” was translated from Russian into Uzbek.

The analysis demonstrates that in his translation of “The

Overcoat”, Choʻlpon succeeded in conveying words, expressions,

and idiomatic phrases using language that resonated with Uzbek

readers, thereby enhancing the accessibility of the novellaʼs content.

Furthermore, the article discusses the textual and stylistic differences

observed between the 1931 and 1936 editions, as well as various

scholarly perspectives on the translationʼs literary and linguistic

qualities.

The findings underscore the necessity of further research on

the original manuscripts of Choʻlponʼs translated works. His version

of “The Overcoat” remains one of the finest examples of his mastery

in literary translation and represents a valuable contribution to the

development of Uzbek translation studies.

This article presents a comprehensive scholarly analysis of the emergence and evolution of the detective genre within the context of modern literary theory. Tracing its origins to Edgar Allan Poe’s foundational works of the 19th century—particularly The Murders in the Rue Morgue and The Purloined Letter—the study follows the genre’s development through the contributions of Arthur Conan Doyle, Agatha Christie, Raymond Chandler, Umberto Eco, Jorge Luis Borges, and others. The detective genre is examined not merely as a narrative of crime and investigation, but as a multifaceted aesthetic structure that reflects moral dilemmas, logical reasoning, cognitive processes, and social values. The article differentiates between classical (Poe, Christie), socio-realist (Hammett, Chandler), epistemological (Borges, Eco), and postmodern (Eco, Pynchon) variations of the genre, highlighting their distinct semantic, aesthetic, and philosophical orientations. It also explores how contemporary interpretations—framed by postcolonial, gender, and postmodern theories—have transformed the genre into a metatextual, multilayered, and self-reflexive literary model. Ultimately, the detective genre is presented as a dynamic artistic form that encapsulates modern cultural and intellectual paradigms, serving as an aesthetic-cognitive platform that stimulates critical reader engagement.

This scientific article describes the history of the CEFR reference book, its development stages, and a comparative analysis of some cases of its translation and integration into other foreign languages, in particular into literary Arabic. The problems that arose as a result of the translation of the CEFR into other foreign languages, which is one of the goals of our scientific research, and their comparative analysis are studied. Also, the linguistic features and linguistic problems that arose in the integration of the CEFR and its content into the Arabic language, the views of scientific researchers and scientific conclusions on their elimination are presented. It is revealed that the CEFR criteria were studied on the basis of comparative analyses in English and Arabic. Scientific views are presented on the fact that taking into account the linguistic features of the CEFR in the process of adapting the Arabic language as a foreign language into the teaching system serves to accelerate the integration processes.

This article provides a detailed analysis of the concept of socially restricted vocabulary, examining its structural, semantic, and stylistic features. Groups of words limited by social boundaries jargon, slang, argot, and taboo lexicon - are explored as distinctive linguistic elements of various social groups. The article reveals the communicative, expressive, and identificational functions of social lexicon, drawing on common examples from Uzbek and English. Socially restricted vocabulary refers to a set of distinctive lexical units used by a specific social group or stratum, which stands apart from the general lexical fund of the language. This lexicon is shaped by the cultural, social, and historical context of the language and reflects the unique worldview, customs, and values of a particular group. In-depth analysis of the structural, semantic, and stylistic features of socially restricted vocabulary in English and Uzbek represents an important area of linguistic research, as it helps to elucidate the social functions of language. This article presents a scientific and theoretical examination of socially restricted vocabulary from structural, semantic, and stylistic perspectives. Specifically, it addresses the structural, semantic, and stylistic issues pertaining to socially restricted vocabulary.

The article extensively analyzes the main theoretical approaches to studying the image of the mother in world literary studies. The research substantiates that the maternal figure in literary texts appears not only as an educational or moral concept but also as a multifaceted image from social, cultural, and psychoanalytic perspectives. The article also pays special attention to how the motherʼs image is interpreted in various cultural and historical contexts. Specifically, W. McDanielsʼ research highlights the concept of maternal labor through mother-daughter relationships in modern American literature, while Shveta K. Kapurʼs studies reveal the formation of institutional care systems through the absence of mothers in Victorian literature. Brennan Burkeʼs analysis interprets the mother figure in close connection with processes of memory, desire, and personal growth, extensively illustrating its psychological and aesthetic aspects. Comparative analyses have shown that the maternal image simultaneously embodies universal and local characteristics across different literary spaces. This demonstrates that the theme of motherhood serves as a central concept in literary works, unveiling the complex interrelationships between society, individual, and culture. Thus, the article scientifically illuminates the relevance of studying the motherʼs image not only as an artistic and aesthetic phenomenon but also as a social and cultural one.

This article analyzes the distinctive authorial style in the works of American writer Norman Mailer and Uzbek writer Shuhrat, particularly focusing on the harmony of psychological and existential elements. The author examines topical issues such as the artistic portrayal of post-war human psychology, the inner struggles of individuals unable to find their place in society, and the literary interpretation of conscience and moral choices. Both writersʼ works deeply express human psychology, inner experiences in relation to the social environment, and complex contradictions between the individual and society. The research employs methods of literary analysis, comparative-historical approaches, and psychological perspectives to study the works. The article compares stylistic features such as internal monologue, first-person narration, parody, and metaphor in Mailerʼs works with the artistic analysis of patriotism, spiritual anguish, and philosophical-metaphorical expression in Shuhratʼs works. The paper comparatively examines the artistic worlds and stylistic approaches of these two writers. In conclusion, both Shuhrat and Norman Mailerʼs works demonstrate a deep exploration of the human psyche, offering literary responses to contemporary societal issues through the artistic expression of internal struggles. Each writer, through their unique style and worldview, successfully illuminates the complex contradictions between individual and society at an artistic level.

This article analyzes the artistic and aesthetic essence of the modern fantasy genre, its poetic structures, and aesthetic functions. The main objective of the research is to identify the aesthetic mechanisms of the poetic model created through the synthesis of real and fantastic worlds, using J.K.Rowlingʻs “Harry Potter” series as an example. The author pays special attention to the importance of realistic elements and authentic details related to the socio-cultural context in shaping the modern fantasy genre. Specifically, through theoretical analysis, the study reveals that the imaginary universe created by Rowling is imbued with internal laws, axiological credibility, and logical foundations that are acceptable to the readerʼs consciousness. The article employs M.M.Bakhtinʼs chronotope concept, methods of poetic analysis, and an intertextual approach as the main methodological criteria to examine the interrelationship between the coordinates of time and space, plot structures, and ideological semantics of the works. The analysis demonstrates that the artistic appeal of the modern fantasy genre emerges precisely through the construction of fantastic space and time in harmony with realistic components. In conclusion, the study scientifically substantiates that to create a credible and aesthetically perfect poetic model in the fantasy genre, it is necessary to balance the internal logic of imaginary realities with the laws of real life.

This article offers a comprehensive poetic and literaryphilosophical analysis of the character Mr. Crane in British science fiction writer Neal Asher’s novel “Brass Man”. Mr. Crane, a cyborg figure that straddles the boundary between the technological and the biological, serves as a compelling embodiment of posthuman identity. The study investigates the dynamics of his humanization throughout the narrative and contextualizes his transformation within broader theoretical frameworks, including posthumanism, the cyborg concept, and the ethical dimensions of artificial intelligence in literature. By conducting a detailed textual analysis, the article illustrates how Mr. Crane is initially constructed as an “inhuman” brass automaton—an archetypal monster devoid of emotion or empathy— yet gradually evolves into a more complex, ethically nuanced figure. His hybrid nature allows for the exploration of identity, agency, and moral consciousness in speculative fiction. The findings of the study shed light on the poetic and symbolic functions of AI and robotic characters in science fiction, and demonstrate how such figures contribute to rethinking humanity and ethical subjectivity in the context of technological evolution. Ultimately, the article contributes to the growing body of scholarship that examines the intersection of literature, philosophy, and emerging technological paradigms.

Mazkur maqolada professor Hamidulla Boltaboyevning ilmiy merosi asosida Abdurauf Fitrat ijodining badiiy va ijtimoiy xususiyatlari tahlil etiladi. Asarda Fitratning oʻzbek adabiyotidagi tutgan mavqei, uning asarlarida ifodalangan milliy tafakkur, jamiyatga munosabat va zamonaviylik gʻoyalari Boltaboyevning konseptual qarashlari asosida yoritiladi. Tadqiqotning asosiy maqsadi – Fitratning badiiy asarlarini ijtimoiy-madaniy kontekstda talqin qilgan Boltaboyevning metodologik yondashuvini ochib berish hamda uning til, uslub va badiiy tafakkurdagi yangiliklarga bergan bahosini ilmiy asosda tahlil qilishdir. Tadqiqot obyekti sifatida professor Hamidulla Boltaboyevning ilmiy faoliyati va uning Fitratshunoslikdagi oʻrni belgilab olingan. Maqolada Boltaboyevning Fitrat asarlariga tarixiy va estetik yondashuvi, adabiy jarayonlarga bergan baholari, shuningdek, adabiyotshunoslikda qoʻllagan ilgʻor metodlari tahlil qilinadi. Fitratning adabiy merosini zamonaviy ilmiy mezonlar asosida sharhlagan Boltaboyev qarashlari orqali Fitrat asarlaridagi uslubiy xususiyatlar, tildagi yangilanishlar va milliy gʻoyalar keng yoritiladi. Maqola Boltaboyev ilmiy faoliyatining oʻzbek adabiy tanqidchiligidagi ahamiyatini koʻrsatish bilan birga, Fitrat asarlarini yangi ilmiy yondashuvlar asosida talqin etish yoʻllarini ham ochib beradi.

This article analyzes the expression of Western and Eastern cultures in artistic thinking based on a comparative approach, drawing from the works of Ray Bradbury and Isajon Sulton. Through these works, the perception of the world by representatives of two cultures, their attitudes towards moral and aesthetic values, and the ideological directions conveyed through artistic imagery are revealed. In Bradbury’s works, technological progress and the relationship between the individual and society are interpreted within the context of Western culture, while in Sulton’s works, human psychology, national identity, and spiritual quests are expressed through Eastern perspectives. The article demonstrates how global issues can be illuminated through national literary thinking by comparatively analyzing the literary and artistic manifestations of intercultural thought. The research results showcase the aesthetic expression of the harmony between cultural views and universal values through literary texts. The article examines issues of cultural identity, individualsociety relationships, cultural memory, and modernity through the examples of “Fahrenheit 451” and “The Eternal Wanderer.” The author analyzes the artistic functions of intercultural communication, demonstrating how motifs, images, and metaphors are employed in this process.

The article presents a comprehensive scientific analysis of the theoretical and methodological foundations for designing professionally oriented teaching technologies, their stages of practical implementation, and their role in the modern education system. The author substantiates effective mechanisms for fostering studentsʼ professional competencies, including precise goal-setting and the technologization of the didactic process within a person-centered approach. The study highlights how modular learning, independent work, and practical exercises contribute to the development of studentsʼ critical and creative thinking, while also enhancing their readiness for professional activity. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the necessity of designing pedagogical activities, structuring educational materials, and organizing goal-setting and assessment in accordance with a clearly defined algorithm. The humanization of professionally oriented education and the widespread adoption of student-centered interactive methods are presented as key priorities in contemporary educational reforms.

This article explores phonostylistics as an interdisciplinary field at the intersection of phonetics, stylistics, rhetoric, psycholinguistics, and literary studies. The work's relevance stems from the need for a deeper understanding of how sound devices shape the semantic, emotional, and pragmatic aspects of utterances. The problem lies in the insufficient systematization of knowledge about the stylistic functions of sounds in various types of texts and speech situations. The article aims to uncover the features of interaction between phonetic means and stylistic devices in poetic, prose, dramatic, and journalistic texts. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are addressed: substantiating the interdisciplinary status of phonostylistics, analyzing phonosemantics and sound symbolism, and describing the specifics of phonostylistic devices in different functional styles. The methodological foundation comprises comparativedescriptive, contextual-stylistic, and interpretative analysis methods. The research resulted in identifying key phonostylistic units such as intonation, onomatopoeia, alliteration, and assonance, as well as their functional significance in conveying expression, meaning, and artistic imagery. The main conclusion is that phonostylistics enables a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of speech impact and expressiveness, expanding the boundaries of traditional linguistic analysis and opening new perspectives in the study of both spoken and written texts.

The artistic interpretation of historical figures remains one of the most pressing topics in literary studies. This issue is closely linked to the need to comprehend the balance between historical and artistic truth, as well as to understand the transformation of real individuals into literary characters. The socio-political context of Alisher Navoiʼs life significantly shaped his attitude toward historical figures. Navoi encouraged the study of history and the derivation of moral lessons from the lives of historical personalities. In particular, in his Khamsa, the poet employs the images of historical figures to express ideas of moral education, ethical purity, and humanism. For example, in Saddi Iskandariy, Iskandar is portrayed not merely as Alexander the Great, but as a patron of science, a just ruler, and a perfect human being. Through this image, Navoi constructs the figure of an ideal sovereign of his time. This article analyzes the artistic representation of historical figures in Alisher Navoiʼs epics, revealing how concepts such as justice, wisdom, moral integrity, and social responsibility are artistically embodied. The symbolic, didactic, and socio-political dimensions of historical images are also examined, as well as their place within the narrative and compositional structure of the epics.

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of psychological dramatism in Emily Brontë’s novel Wuthering Heights, through aesthetic, semantic, and contextual frameworks. Particular attention is given to the inner conflicts embodied by the characters of Cathy and Heathcliff, focusing on the ontological tension between humanity and animal instinct, and the clash between individual desires and social norms. The author explores the symbolic interplay between nature and characters’ psychological states, identifying it as a tool that amplifies emotional depth within Brontë’s psychologism. Furthermore, Gothic poetics— such as dark spaces, ghosts, and a mysterious atmosphere—are interpreted as visual and symbolic extensions of psychological dramatism. Brontë’s stylistic approach is comparatively analyzed alongside the works of Charlotte Brontë, George Eliot, and Anton Chekhov, demonstrating her innovative contribution to Victorian literature’s portrayal of the unconscious and the instinctive layers of the human psyche. The novel is ultimately interpreted as a milestone in the development of literary-psychological thinking.

This article presents reflections on certain observations regarding Makhtumkuliʼs status in Uzbek-Karakalpak-Azerbaijani literary relations within the context of Makhtumkuliʼs legacy. It explores Makhtumkuliʼs position in the literary connections among the fraternal Uzbek-Turkmen, Karakalpak, and Azerbaijani peoples, particularly focusing on the translation of classical poetic and prose texts, their history, and their study as scholarly research. The article also illuminates the history of literary and cultural relations, forms of literary influence, their mutual diffusion, literary traditions, and approaches to them in the translation of classical texts. It is confirmed that Uzbek, Karakalpak, and Azerbaijani scholars have achieved significant scholarly results in translating the poetʼs works, and that the study and translation of Makhtumkuliʼs rich heritage continue consistently to this day. The harmony between the poetic imagery and semantic layers in these translations has been revealed. The article analyzes some observations made about translators who have rendered Makhtumkuliʼs works into related languages. It highlights the role of figurative expressions and images in shaping the artistic style and poetic harmony in Makhtumkuliʼs work. Additionally, this article discusses research on the deep historical roots of Uzbek, Karakalpak, Azerbaijani, and Turkmen literary connections and their relationship to the common culture, language, and way of life of these peoples.

This article presents a comparative linguistic analysis of the structural features of English and Uzbek medical terminology. The primary objective of the research is to provide a systematic overview of how medical terms are formed in two typologically distinct languages—analytic (English) and agglutinative (Uzbek)—as well as their semantic stability and role in the translation process. The study addresses how terminological differences often reduce translation accuracy and lead to confusion in the learning process. Drawing upon Wüster’s theory of terminology and Saussure’s semiotics, the article examines the morphemic structure, etymological roots, and semantic equivalence of terms. Using both descriptive and comparative methods, the paper explores how English and Uzbek medical terms are constructed and applied. The findings indicate that English terminology is largely standardized and rooted in Greco-Latin origins, whereas Uzbek terms are mostly descriptive or borrowed from Russian and other languages. The study concludes that a deeper understanding of the structure and origin of medical terms plays a crucial role in ensuring translation accuracy, facilitating bilingual education, and improving professional communication in the medical field.