This article presents a comparative linguistic analysis of the structural features of English and Uzbek medical terminology. The primary objective of the research is to provide a systematic overview of how medical terms are formed in two typologically distinct languages—analytic (English) and agglutinative (Uzbek)—as well as their semantic stability and role in the translation process. The study addresses how terminological differences often reduce translation accuracy and lead to confusion in the learning process. Drawing upon Wüster’s theory of terminology and Saussure’s semiotics, the article examines the morphemic structure, etymological roots, and semantic equivalence of terms. Using both descriptive and comparative methods, the paper explores how English and Uzbek medical terms are constructed and applied. The findings indicate that English terminology is largely standardized and rooted in Greco-Latin origins, whereas Uzbek terms are mostly descriptive or borrowed from Russian and other languages. The study concludes that a deeper understanding of the structure and origin of medical terms plays a crucial role in ensuring translation accuracy, facilitating bilingual education, and improving professional communication in the medical field.