KOMPARATIVISTIKA

William Gibson's “Cyberspace” trilogy, which includes the novels, “Neuromancer”, “Count Zero”, and “Mona Lisa Overdrive”, is a foundational work in the cyberpunk literature. These works depict a dark and high-tech future world where transhumanism and dystopia play key roles. The aim of this article is to analyze the dystopian and transhumanistic elements in William Gibson’s “Cyberspace” trilogy. The focus of the study is on how Gibson used advanced technology and artificial intelligence as a main symbols of trilogy in order to create a bleak future where social and cultural structures deteriorate under the influence of technological progress. The novelty of the topic lies in the fact that Gibson’s works have a significant impact on the development of cyberpunk and the entire science fiction genre. The research methodology is based on the analysis of the novels’ texts using literary and cultural analysis methods. The study highlights key dystopian elements and transhumanistic motifs in the novels. The results of the study demonstrate that Gibson masterfully portrays a future where technology destroys traditional social structures and creates a new world full of moral dilemmas. The discussion includes an examination of questions of human identity, the role of technology in shaping social inequalities, and the potential consequences for future society.

In contemporary literary studies, the science of poetic verse and its related experiments, theoretical knowledge, and views on the principles of rhythm and form are subject to ongoing updates. In the context of todayʼs globalized world, the scientific and theoretical study of literature and culture from a specific historical and geographical perspective, focusing on the works of individual authors, has gained importance. This approach allows for an indepth examination of the originality of images, genres, and forms in their work, the distinctive methods and techniques employed, and the artistic vision that characterizes their creative output. The article is devoted to the contemporary German-Swiss poet Nora Gomringer, her unique style, which combines elements of unusual performance art and vocal poetry, and the reflection of her experimental nature in her poetry. In his work, he skillfully combines elements of traditional poetry with modern art forms, including performance and visual media. This analysis considers the various elements that contribute to Gomringerʼs distinctive style, including the subtlety of his language, his unique cognitive processes and perceptual abilities, his ability to provide clear and engaging descriptions, and the artistic uniqueness of his works, which encourage active engagement with language. The scientifictheoretical opinions expressed by German literary experts about the poetʼs work are presented in the article. The author of the article also expressed a scientific-theoretical attitude regarding the artistic aesthetic value of poetess Nora Gomringerʼs works in German literature. The purpose of the article is to study Nora Gomringerʼs work, which is distinguished by its vivid imagery and skillful use of rhythm, which makes it the most prominent melodic expression and essence of modern German literature.

This article will examine the poetics of artistic details in the works of the Nobel Prize-winning German writer Herta Meller. Artistic detail represents the primary component through which the appearance of the protagonists in a work of art is linked to their inner experiences and thoughts, thereby elucidating the essence of the work. By employing artistic details, the author is able to portray a comprehensive range of subjects, including the atmosphere, natural phenomena such as wind, rain, grass, and even individual leaves. An examination of Muellerʼs works reveals a narrative are that is at once harrowing and unflinching in its portrayal of human experience. Uzbek writer Oʻtkir Hashimov posits that every work is a product of pain and asserts that the author should adeptly utilize artistic nuances to reflect this pain in the work. It is a wellestablished fact that any artistic work employs a variety of details for a number of different purposes, with the objective of increasing the overall artistry of the piece. In Myellerʼs works, artistic details are given significant attention, particularly with regard to the depiction of the inner feelings and psyche of his characters. This is achieved through the use of objects and situations that resonate with the charactersʼ emotions and experiences

This study explores the language and artistic expression features in Amy Tanʼs novels through the lens of translingualism and transculturalism. Translingual phenomena are words and other aspects of language that are relevant in more than one language. As a second-generation Chinese-American author, Tanʼs writings primarily focus on the experiences of Chinese American women, highlighting the richness and diversity of language by embedding Chinese words, language, and culture. This linguistic approach colors the feminine characteristics of the protagonists and is expressed through poetic devices with a simple, lyrical, and humorous style. The study underscores the interdependent relationship between language and culture, where language not only carries cultural, but also shapes and reflects a nationʼs characteristics. This is particularly evident in the context elements, but of Chinese American literature, where language issues play a crucial role in reflecting the cultural belonging and identity construction of Chinese Americans. The unique language features in Tanʼs novels, such as the insertion of Chinese and Chinglish words (realia), Chinese Pinyin, and Chinese characters with specific connotations, create an “unfamiliarity" effect that enhances the artistic tension of the text. These linguistic choices authentically depict the language barriers between mothers and daughters, while showcasing the distinct mindset and values of the Chinese culture. By examining these language and artistic expression features, the study aims to unveil the unique literary strategies employed by Amy Tan, demonstrating her poetic and artistic mastery in navigating the complexities of Chinese American identity and experience.

The cultural and literary phenomenon of Orientalism has exerted a considerable influence on Western literature, including German literature of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The perception of the Orient, shaped by Western perceptions and stereotypes, is reflected in the work of numerous German authors. The utilization of Oriental motifs and images serves to establish exotic backdrops, convey philosophical and spiritual concepts, and facilitate the critique and rethinking of Western culture. To achieve our objective, we must address the following tasks: to examine the ways in which oriental motifs and images were employed in German literature of the 19th and 20th centuries to create an exotic backdrop and to express philosophical and spiritual ideas. This study will pay special attention to the critical analysis of Orientalism in the works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Hermann Hesse. In particular, it will compare their approaches to the representation of Oriental culture and the influence of these works on the formation of Western perceptions of the Orient. One of the key theoretical aspects of the study is Edward Saidʼs Orientalism, which provides a critical framework for the analysis of the use of oriental motifs in Western literature. Said underscores that Orientalism functions as a vehicle for cultural dominance, engendering stereotypes and distorted notions about the Orient. This study illuminates significant aspects of Oriental-Western literary and cultural interaction, while also advancing our comprehension of the interrelationship between these cultures.

This article will undertake a detailed analysis of the storytelling technique of Isaac Asimov and Hojiakbar Shaykhov. It will provide a comprehensive comparison of the universal and specific aspects of their creative styles. Isaac Asimov is widely regarded as the preeminent figure in science fiction literature in the United States. Hojiakbar Shaykhov, as Ozod Sharafutdinov notes, is considered the pioneering author of science fiction in Uzbek literature. Isaac Asimov was an instrumental figure in the accelerated evolution and ascendance of science fiction. Hojiakbar Shaykhov made a substantial contribution to the emergence and development of this genre in Uzbek literature. This article will examine the similarities between Asimov and Shaykhovʼs works, including their thematic exploration of humanity, technology, and the future. It will also investigate their distinctive features, such as the influence of national traditions, social issues, and artistic styles. While there are notable differences between the works of these two writers, they both address common issues of humanity and society in unique ways. The research methods include comparative analysis, contextual analysis, and literary text analysis. This article identifies the commonalities and unique characteristics in the works of Isaac Asimov and Hojiakbar Shaykhov through an analysis of their stories.

There are many works in Uzbek and French literature that express an opinion about the family. In these works, the purpose of showing which side of the family is highlighted in the novels in which the theme of the family is expressed in Uzbek and French fiction, giving a brief interpretation to them, introducing the readers through them and contributing to the work of raising healthy family members, is expressed the goal of effectively influencing the direction of family development. we planned to perform the following tasks: 1. Before comparing the works of Pirimkul Kadirov and Roger Martin du Gard, we will study Uzbek and French novels with family themes as factual material; to show the important scientific works on the topic of the family and to recommend them to the attention of those interested in the topic of the family. Research methods of literary studies are diverse. We used realism, comparative-literary method, biographical method, artistic method, typological method. There are various interpretations of the method of realism. Among them, Ulugbek Hamdam's comment sheds light on the general nature of the works we are studying.

This article talks about the emergence of humorous and comic works in the nations of the world and their spread into world languages. Oriental anecdotes were known in Europe in the early Middle Ages and were performed at various ceremonies. Such works were initially recognized as examples of personal creativity of some people, and later they were included in written literature. In this way, works close to each other in content appeared and many traveling plots were created. But these actions were not enough. The expansion of the desire to learn foreign languages was accelerated by the rapprochement of peoples and the possibility of mutual exchange of works of spiritual and educational content. With the efforts of tourists, ambassadors and merchants with various purposes, anecdotes of Turkic, Persian and Arab peoples, along with other literary monuments, were translated into European languages. The sharp plot, simple structure, deep philosophicaleducational importance, and artistic freshness of the Eastern anecdotes caused their rapid assimilation by other peoples. Anecdotes were prepared primarily for French kings. The first written translation of humorous works dates back to the last quarter of the 17th century. After the "Thousand and One Nights" fairy tales, which are a bright example of Arabic folklore, several collections of anecdotes were translated into French. Later, Eastern anecdotes were first translated from French, then directly from the original into German, English, Russian and other languages. The collection of anecdotes created by German and French researchers consists of two parts, the first part contains the wonderful stories with the participation of the Arab named Si Jokha, and the second part, the Turkish anecdote characters named Khoja Nasriddin. In the following centuries, collections created by Turkish and European scientists also appeared.

In modern world literature, where international social, cultural and literary ties are developing, interest in the national cultural heritage of other peoples is growing. Comparative literature as a science has acquired great prospects for practical application and scientific study of global processes. The study of the personality of Alisher Navoi and his creative heritage has become one of the most pressing topics at the global level. In comparative literature, studies of his life and work through artistic interpretations, such as Oybek's novel "Navoi" and L.G. Bata's story "The Garden of Life", are of great importance. The purpose of the study is a comparative analysis of Navoi's personality in these works, which reveals the interaction of Russian and Uzbek cultures. Navoi's legacy has become a world heritage, which helps to acquaint the Russian people with the spiritual and cultural values of the Uzbeks. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to study, compare and analyze the image of Alisher Navoi in these works, as well as consider the contribution of the authors to the disclosure of his multifaceted talent.

The article examines the problem of inequality in society and its negative impact on members, based on the caste system formed in ancient Indian religious and philosophical views. The teachings of yoga, Buddhism, Jains, Siddhas and Naths, Bhaktis and Sikhs, who developed and propagated the ideas of equality as opposed to this inequality, are discussed, and issues of commonality and differences in their content are also highlighted.

In literary studies, the concept of space is interpreted in different ways. Space is an anthropocentric concept, and the lexical means expressing it play an important role in any work. In novels, the chronotope helps to better understand the relationships between events and characters, and also reveals their inner world. The chronotope in a work of fiction not only indicates the place where events unfold, but also serves as an important linguistic means for the moral assessment of the characters. The article examines the mistakes and shortcomings of translators in conveying the chronotope in the Russian and German versions of the novel "Days Gone By". In the process of studying these translations, it was found that chronotopes are divided into two types: real, social and psychological, which did not cause problems for translators, and historical, national and folklore chronotopes, which require more attention and deep knowledge. The translation of these more complex chronotopes turned out to be problematic due to the translators' insufficient knowledge of the language, history, culture and literature of the peoples to which these chronotopes belong. In the process of recreating historical and national chronotopes, the translators made a number of stylistic and lexical errors. However, in some cases, A. Specht showed more attention and respect for the translation than his Russian colleagues.

Scientific research is being conducted in educational institutions and research centers worldwide on implementing psycho-preventive and psycho-corrective measures aimed at developing students’ healthy thinking and adequately assessing their intellectual capabilities. In this regard, it can be noted that a country with a highly developed scientific potential will always be at the forefront in all fields. Currently, in legal and regulatory documents pertaining to modern education, it is crucial to nurture students who can think creatively and critically, and find precise solutions to problems arising in the educational process. Moreover, in the context of rapid scientific and technological advancements, special attention is being paid to the development levels of students’ thinking, creativity, logic, content comprehension, and creative abilities to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, and quality at all stages of continuous education. The article is devoted to the effective forms and methods on the process of formation of students’ healthy thinking, forming a teaching process in the social sciences block classes and outside of the classroom.

The article expresses an opinion about the types of word combinations in which the “eye” component is involved. The term “eye” is defined as the sensory organ of responsible for human vision. Compounds belonging to this type were studied in three groups. In addition, the given examples were analyzed morphologically, changing its place and semantically. The semantic analysis of word combinations with an eye component includes 8 subgroups, and the meanings are explained with the help of examples. The objective of this study is to examine the place, number, and quality of the use of the term “eye” in communication with the term “word”, which represents a language unit, and “lexeme”, which is defined as a lexical unit with an independent meaning that is examined as a whole in terms of form and content. In this regard, it is important to consider the opinions expressed by various scholars on this subject. A substantial number of artificial words, compound words, phrases, phraseological units, aphorisms, wise words, and proverbs have been created with this lexeme, which has yet to be sufficiently studied in linguistics in terms of description, classification, and analysis. This article presents some opinions about word combinations with the “eye” component and their use in communication. The article contains word combinations related to the adjective “eye”, references to the function of the eye in compound words, other sensory factors of eye function in compound words, as well as morphological analysis of word combinations. Additionally, it addresses issues of interaction between the components of a compound word, such as place exchange analysis and semantic analysis (relatively distinct meanings).

Scientific research is being conducted in educational institutions and research centers worldwide on implementing psycho-preventive and psycho-corrective measures aimed at developing students’ healthy thinking and adequately assessing their intellectual capabilities. In this regard, it can be noted that a country with a highly developed scientific potential will always be at the forefront in all fields. Currently, in legal and regulatory documents pertaining to modern education, it is crucial to nurture students who can think creatively and critically, and find precise solutions to problems arising in the educational process. Moreover, in the context of rapid scientific and technological advancements, special attention is being paid to the development levels of students’ thinking, creativity, logic, content comprehension, and creative abilities to ensure efficiency, effectiveness, and quality at all stages of continuous education. The article is devoted to the effective forms and methods on the process of formation of students’ healthy thinking, forming a teaching process in the social sciences block classes and outside of the classroom.

The article expresses an opinion about the types of word combinations in which the “eye” component is involved. The term “eye” is defined as the sensory organ of responsible for human vision. Compounds belonging to this type were studied in three groups. In addition, the given examples were analyzed morphologically, changing its place and semantically. The semantic analysis of word combinations with an eye component includes 8 subgroups, and the meanings are explained with the help of examples. The objective of this study is to examine the place, number, and quality of the use of the term “eye” in communication with the term “word”, which represents a language unit, and “lexeme”, which is defined as a lexical unit with an independent meaning that is examined as a whole in terms of form and content. In this regard, it is important to consider the opinions expressed by various scholars on this subject. A substantial number of artificial words, compound words, phrases, phraseological units, aphorisms, wise words, and proverbs have been created with this lexeme, which has yet to be sufficiently studied in linguistics in terms of description, classification, and analysis. This article presents some opinions about word combinations with the “eye” component and their use in communication. The article contains word combinations related to the adjective “eye”, references to the function of the eye in compound words, other sensory factors of eye function in compound words, as well as morphological analysis of word combinations. Additionally, it addresses issues of interaction between the components of a compound word, such as place exchange analysis and semantic analysis (relatively distinct meanings).

Lexical units representing human speech are classified into distinct groups based on their functional domain. Gender-specific lexical units represent a pervasive phenomenon across various domains of human activity. They manifest in a multitude of ways, including the use of gendered language to describe women and men in various aspects of life. The phenomenon of genderism can be observed in a multitude of everyday items, including clothing, household items, labor tools, food names, body parts, and more. This article brings the gender lexicon representing the same sociality under discussion with practical analysis to show effective results by translators using transformational methods in achieving coherence in the translation of a work of art. Equivalence in translation is the delivery of information given in the original in the form of a new work to the reader using lexical, lexical - grammatical and lexical-semantic transformations efficiently. From a gendrological point of view, a translator should be able to choose a suitable alternative form of gender lexical units in the translation. All the sociality that surrounds men and women, also has gendrological differences, and they are considered a kind of lexicon with the image of heroes in increasing the coloring of a work of art. Grouping the same lexical units as follows, we paid attention to how they were interpreted in the translation of the work of art. They are the names of clothes and fabrics; names of body parts; names of household goods and labor tools; names of make-up products, jewelry and accessories (ornaments).

As we know, religious language units are also found in the novel “Bygone days” along with national language units, and in many places lexemes of measurement units are formed with religious terms. In the novel “Bygone days” quoted by the author "after blessing", "time of Asr prayer", "after night prayer", in the last repetition of "Allahu Akbar", "between Asr and Maghrib pray time", day lexemes representing the unit of time are formed from religious words such as, "the day deviates from dawn and is close to dusk ʼ', and of course such time lexemes are understandable for a person of the Muslim world, reader who familiar with the five daily prayers, it is natural. In Abdulla Qadiriʼs “Bygone days” there are many examples of measurement units that come with Islamic terms. Of course, it is natural that lexemes of measurement units formed by religious terms serve to express a specific time for the people of the Muslim world. Because the lexeme of the measurement unit representing each time is written in a language that is understandable for the people of the time and place where the work was created, so that it can be understood without any difficulties and explanations because it is taken from the language of the people. However, when the work is translated into another language, it is natural that there are places that require some explanation for the reader of a different nationality and religion. A comparative study and typological analysis of the translations of the novel into English serve light on the above enigmatic issue. For this purpose of our research, we took some passages from the novel “Bygone days” and its translations into English for analysis.

The rapid globalization in the 21st century has tremendously raised the demand for multilingual communication, and foreign language and translation education have turned out to be quite significant in this respect. This article explores the importance of integrating digital tools and innovative methods into the teaching of foreign languages and into translation training. It outlines how progress like CAT tools, machine translation, and collaborative platforms have resulted in changing traditional methodologies toward effective learning processes. Apart from this, the integration of such advanced tools would also enable a language professional to increase their efficiency, be more accurate, and make the learning more engaging. The article also prepares a platform for integrating theoretical learning with practical applications in providing a better level of learning skill among the students to cope with the challenges of modern translation and linguistic communication. The findings suggest that the integration of digital technology not only enriches language proficiency but also prepares students for the evolving global landscape.

Conditions for deepening the process of globalization in the world increased the need in formation and development of translator’s professional competences through linguistic and extralinguistic competences. In light of the processes occurring in pronunciation, grammatical structure, and the content of vocabulary in the English language, a special emphasis is placed on attaining proficiency in both the source language and the target language to the highest possible level. This is complemented by a commitment to pursuing in-depth research on international standards, programs, the culture of the source language and the target language, the mentality of the language users, recent scientific and technological advances, and innovative ideas within the respective field. In the world practice the integral approach to formation of professional competences of the translator, technical skills, language acquirence, improving the terminology and terminography, evaluating translator’s competence, achieving the conformity of words in two different cultures in the translation process, creating the system of correctional exercises to avoid typical mistakes are of significant importance. From this point of view it is necessary to develop professional competence of the translator introducing materials into curricula and syllabus of educational institutions training translators, which serve for the development of competences by forming linguistic, sociolinguistic and pragmatic competences, as well as the cross-cultural communication competences, preparation of qualified translators and widening the practice of translation.

A comparative analysis of stream of consciousness techniques in the works of James Joyce and Jabra Ibrahim Jabra.