KOMPARATIVISTIKA

This article offers reflections on certain observations

concerning the notion that the classical text constitutes a

distinct object of study within translation studies. The article

explores the role of Makhtumquli in the translation of classical

texts and in the literary ties between the fraternal Uzbek-

Turkmen, Karakalpak, and Azerbaijani literatures. In

particular, it examines the translation and historical

development of classical poetic and prose texts, their study as

academic research, their role in revealing the history of literary

and cultural relations, forms of literary influence and mutual

diffusion, and the issues of literary tradition and its

interpretation.

It is substantiated that Uzbek, Karakalpak, and

Azerbaijani scholars have achieved significant academic

results in translating Makhtumquli’s works, and that the study

and translation of his rich legacy continue consistently to this

day. The article also highlights the harmony between poetic

imagery and layers of meaning in these translations.

Furthermore, the paper analyzes the idea of the

classical text as a distinctive object of translation studies and

analyzes several observations made regarding the translations

of Maxtumquli’s works into related languages. The role of

Makhtumquli's figurative expressions—his imagery—in the

formation of artistic style and poetic coherence is elucidated.

The article also discusses the deep historical roots of Uzbek,

Karakalpak, Azerbaijani, and Turkmen literary relations, as

well as their connection to the shared culture, language, and

lifestyle of these peoples.

This article is devoted to the study of the word-formation

features of marketing terms in modern English. The relevance of the

topic is explained by the rapid development of marketing vocabulary

in the context of globalization, as well as the active process of

assimilation and adaptation of terms in national languages, in

particular, in the Uzbek language. The work examines the main ways

of term formation and structural models - affixation, conversion,

word addition, compression, abbreviation, as well as the specific

aspects of semantic changes in their transition from common

vocabulary to terminological vocabulary.

In the article identifies the historical and linguistic factors of

the formation of English financial and economic terminology,

emphasizing the influence of Latin, Greek, French, Italian, and

German, as well as the Russian language as a mediator in the

formation of Uzbek economic terminology. In the Russian language,

special attention is paid to the analysis of complex (composite)

marketing terms, often expressed through phrases or descriptive

expressions. The article examines in detail word-formation models

such as adjective + noun (backlist, broadsheet), noun + noun

(automaker, bangtail), preposition + noun (aftermarket, offshore),

verb + adverb (buyout, giveaway), and provides examples of their

usage and etymological explanations. Based on a comparative

analysis, the author concludes that the structure of English terms is

not uniform and they have their own functional features in the

marketing language. The research material shows that the

development of the marketing terminological system reflects the

general trends of the lexico-semantic dynamics of the English

language and is characterized by the interrelationship of internal and

external word-forming factors.

This article examines the motif complex in John

Steinbeck's travelogue "Travels with Charley in Search of

America," focusing on the function of the journey motif as a

key structural and semantic element of the work. The study

aims to reveal the role, artistic functions, and semantic

meanings of the travel motif in organizing the text's poetics and

shaping the author's concept of national existence. The research

employs motif analysis, which allows for tracing the

interaction of individual authorial, cultural-historical, and

traditional genre components of the work.

The analysis establishes that the journey motif in

Steinbeck's travelogue manifests itself in a complex of

interconnected motifs - movement, search, return, wandering,

loneliness, freedom, and constraint - which ensure the integrity

of the text's semantic structure and reflect the author's spiritual

quest. Special attention is paid to the connection between the

travel motif and issues of personal self-identification and moral

assessment of American reality in the early 1960s. The study

demonstrates that the journey motif performs an integrating

function, connecting personal and national-cultural meanings,

and becomes a means of artistic interpretation of changes in the

social consciousness of the era.

The study concludes that the travel motif in "Travels

with Charley" serves not only as the basis for plot development

but also as a form of philosophical reflection on humanity,

culture, and the fate of the nation, which determines the

relevance of the work and the research approach to it.

This article examines the practical manifestation of

laconism, the art of expressing thoughts briefly and concisely in

speech and literature. This style has ancient roots and ensures

that sentences are short, succinct, and meaningful. The article

discusses and comparatively analyzes the role and significance

of this style in linguistics and literary studies. It considers the

theoretical foundations, methodological principles, and specific

features of laconism. The fact that the laconic style has been

studied and illustrated with examples by many scholars in both

literature and linguistics supports our argument. Based on the

information presented, we can assert that the term “brevity” or

“laconicism” is widely used not only in literary studies but also

in linguistics, and can even be studied as the subject of specific

research, as scientifically substantiated in this study.

Additionally, the research explores how the laconic style

manifests in literature, which genres it serves as an essential

element in creating, and which styles it acts as an intermediary

for. The article comparatively analyzes the relationships and

similarities between the laconic style and terms such as

“minimalism,” “Iceberg Theory,” ellipsis, and the phenomenon

of compression. Furthermore, it examines the sequence of

genres in literature that are suitable and appropriate for the

laconic style. The research employs comparative-typological

and contextual analysis methods.

The article examines the theoretical and historical

development of the fantasy genre, tracing its path from

mythological and folklore traditions to modern fantasy and

science fiction literature. Based on the works of Tsvetan

Todorov, Darko Suvin, and Adam Roberts, the study

defines fantasy as a borderline space between reality and

the supernatural, where logic and imagination intersect. It

explores how science fiction emerged through cognitive

estrangement and how fantasy created independent

mythical worlds governed by their own moral and

metaphysical laws. Special attention is paid to Edgar Allan

Poeʼs pioneering role in shaping early science fiction

literature by creating a harmony of scientific reasoning and

creative speculation, which later inspired writers such as

Jules Verne and H.G. Wells. Through analysis of key

subgenres, the article emphasizes that fantasy serves both

cognitive and aesthetic purposes, allowing readers to

explore the boundaries of knowledge, morality, and human

creativity.

This study examines the evolving and dynamic

relationships between English folklore, national identity, and

literary culture across three chronological periods: the early

modern era, the nineteenth century, and the modern period. The

research employed a mixed-methods approach based on

qualitative content analysis and historical-comparative

methodology. The aim of the analysis is to demonstrate how

folklore has preserved, developed, and encoded cultural values

over time.

The consistent expression of moral values throughout all

three periods indicates that the moral function of folklore has

remained continuous and stable. Literary influence was most

pronounced in the 19th century, reflecting the working life of

folklore characters and story typologies, which continues in a

modified form today.

This study explores the debates between different periods

in folklore studies and examines folklore as a space for

education and culture. The research demonstrates that folklore

has played and continues to play a crucial role in expressing

cultural memory and identity through mediation and

intermediation. The study acknowledges limitations, including

a very small sample size and a lack of ethnographic and field

research perspectives.

Anthroponyms are undoubtedly present in the lexical

wealth of all languages, helping to distinguish individuals and

express their unique characteristics. Nicknames, a type of

anthroponym, reflect the national values of the people who use

them and the relationships between ethnic groups. The formation

and spread of nicknames, alongside the process of language

development over centuries, can be traced back to ancient times.

This article analyzes the factors contributing to the distribution of

nicknames in Uzbek and English languages based on a

comparative-theoretical approach. The research aims to identify

cultural, social, and historical determinants influencing the

formation and popularization of nicknames. The methodology

employs comparative-typological, historical-descriptive,

discursive-pragmatic, and onomastic methods of analysis. Results

indicate that both languages exhibit similarities in occupational,

regional, and mediatization factors. Differences are observed in

the numerical predominance of clan and tribe-based nicknames in

the Uzbek language, while in English, nicknames formed under

the influence of political media are more common. Additionally,

the phenomenon of self-designated nicknames spreading in the

internet environment is highlighted as a contemporary trend. The

article emphasizes that nicknames remain a stable means of

cultural identification and social navigation, maintaining

functional adaptability even in the context of the global

information space.

This article is dedicated to the scientific and theoretical

study of the role of folk tales in children's literature, focusing

on their functions in children's spiritual development,

including their thinking, creative growth, vocabulary

expansion, written and oral literacy, and the influence on the

formation of cultural communication in children. The

significant impact of folk tales on the nation's spirituality is

primarily linked to a number of functions they perform. Each

of these functions has a unique influence on enriching and

developing a child's aesthetic taste, spirituality, and world of

thought and imagination. The various functions of folk tales,

such as didactic, psychological, social, heuristic, artistic

foresight, aesthetic, hedonistic, gender equality promotion,

and communicative, not only affect the formation of a child's

personality but also teach them cultural communication. This,

in turn, establishes the child as a cultured individual.

Folk tales, as the spiritual property of the nation, have

for centuries expanded the imagination of both children and

adults, positively influencing the development of creativity,

critical thinking, and moral values. Folk tales have a beneficial

impact on broadening children's imaginative world, enhancing

their creative abilities, and fostering a unique, active response

to societal events. This indicates that folk tales play a crucial

role in supporting children's cognitive and creative

development.

This article analyzes the linguocultural nature of numeratives in

Persian and Uzbek languages using a comparative approach. The main

objective of the research is to study numeratives not only as grammatical

units but also as linguocultural phenomena expressing the mindset, values,

and lifestyle of a nation. The article employs a combination of comparative-

historical, linguocultural, semantic-structural, and translation methods to

analyze the form, content, and cultural connotations of counting systems in

Persian and Uzbek.

According to the research findings, both languages share common

units such as nafar/kas for counting people, bosh/sar for counting animals,

and dona/tā for counting objects. However, Uzbek actively uses folk units

like chimdim, hovuch, qultum, while Persian predominantly employs

standard units like kilo, liter, meter. These differences reflect the distinctive

thought patterns manifested in the social life and culture of the two peoples.

The author also explores the aesthetic function of numeratives in

literary texts. In works by writers such as Alisher Navoi, Hafez, and Saadi,

expressions like “bir tomchi yosh” (a single tear), “yek dast gol” (a handful

of flowers), and “do qatra āb” (two drops of water) demonstrate the

linguistic expression of peopleʼs life experiences, aesthetic tastes, and

national poetic thinking. Based on this, the article interprets numeratives as

linguistic markers of national identity and cultural identification.

The scientific novelty of the research lies in its comprehensive

analysis of numeratives in Persian and Uzbek from linguocultural, semantic,

and artistic-aesthetic perspectives for the first time. Consequently, it

provides a scientific basis for evaluating numeratives not only as a

grammatical category but also as a cultural code representing the thinking,

values, and worldview of the people.

This article primarily addresses several issues: the main

differences between the original and translated texts, the

comparison of two linguistic systems, the absence of

information resources in the target language that are present in

the source language, the presence of information resources in

the target language that are absent in the source language, and

which information resources of the two languages can be

considered approximately equivalent. It explores these as

subjects of scientific research, illuminating the history of

literary and cultural connections, forms of literary influence,

their mutual diffusion, literary traditions, and attitudes towards

them. The article examines crucial issues such as the need for

translations to be as close and accurate to the original text as

possible, and the importance of maintaining rhythm in the

translation of poetic works. Furthermore, it substantiates and

advances the idea that translation is not only an object of

linguistics but also of literary studies, including comparative

literature. In essence, the article investigates the notion that to

create a translated text that accurately and fully reflects the spirit

of the original, the translator must be both a talented master of

artistic expression and a skilled translation scholar. It also

explores attitudes towards this concept. This article interprets

the stylistic and grammatical differences between the source and

target languages as factors determining the degree of translation

adequacy, emphasizing the necessity of taking these differences

into account.

This article presents a comparative analysis of Leo Tolstoyʼs

“Anna Karenina” and George Eliotʼs “Middlemarch.” Both works, as

exemplary specimens of 19th-century realism, artistically illuminate

human relationships and the complex connections between society

and the individual. While “Middlemarch” portrays the socio-political

life of English society, along with the aspirations and spiritual quests

of various social classes, “Anna Karenina” depicts the moral values

of Russian society, family relations, and the tragic consequences of

love. Nevertheless, both novels reveal societal constraints through

their female protagonists: the characters of Dorothea and Anna

embody the limitations placed on womenʼs freedom during their

respective eras. The key difference lies in their focus: Eliot

emphasizes the spirit of social reform and enlightenment, while

Tolstoy centers on the clash between human passions and moral

responsibility. This article analyzes these similarities and differences,

uncovering the novelsʼ universal themes and national characteristics.

Although these two realistic works were written in the same era but

in different settings, they share several similar events and characters.

The novels primarily express the laws and norms of society, personal

and psychological experiences, and the differences and similarities in

the portrayal of women.

This article provides a detailed analysis of the essence

of the “Southern Renaissance” period that emerged in the

southern region of the United States in the first half of the

20th century, examining its literary environment and

processes. The study explores the historical, social, and

political factors that led to the emergence of the “Southern

Renaissance,” and demonstrates how the unique culture,

traditions, and experiences of the people living in the

southern regions influenced literary processes. The article

analyzes the works of southern writers, their role in shaping

the national and cultural identity of the southern region, as

well as their opposition to racial, social, and cultural

stereotypes of that time. Furthermore, it discusses the role of

the “Southern Renaissance” in the literary development of the

United States, its contribution to national culture and

regionalism, as well as its connection with social changes and

historical processes. The study emphasizes the complex

relationships between literature and the political and

economic conditions of the region, as well as the place of this

movement in contemporary American literature.

Thus, the article presents an in-depth analysis of the

“Southern Renaissance” phenomenon from the perspective of

literary and cultural processes, as well as the historical

specificities of the American South, while also highlighting

its significance in modern American literature.

This article analyzes the interrelationship and

artistic expression of postcolonial approaches,

marginalism, and necropolitics in Uzbek literature. It

demonstrates how the influence and consequences of the

colonial period on socio-cultural life are reflected in

national literary thought. The study employs the

theoretical perspectives of Achille Mbembe, Edward Said,

Homi Bhabha, and Gayatri Spivak as its methodological

foundation. In the analysis of literary works, the oeuvre of

Sherzod Komil Xalil takes center stage, particularly his

works “The Labyrinth of Death,” “We Will Cease to

Exist,” “The Mute Fish,” and “The Last Generation of

Adam.” The findings reveal that these works artistically

depict the social isolation of individuals, the sense of

“otherness,” and the subjection to necropolitics resulting

from colonialism. The author portrays personal and

national marginality within the context of global

necropolitics. He illuminates the fate of ethnic minorities

in former colonial territories who were “isolated” and

faced death through various means. In conclusion, the

concepts of postcolonialism, marginalism, and

necropolitics are shown to be complementary theoretical

approaches that offer a new scientific perspective for

analyzing the relationships between individual and power,

life and death, and center and periphery in Uzbek

literature.

The article provides a deeper explanation of the concept of

micro-space and discusses its literary and aesthetic function in creating

an artistic image of reality by analyzing the interconnectedness of

various types of artistic details in its expression. In modern literary

studies, regardless of type and genre, focusing on the role and

significance of artistic space in the semantic field of a literary work

forms the basis of powerful currents in the nature of the workʼs idea

and characters, as well as in the writerʼs philosophical views. This

approach at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries

created a new artistic system for transforming disposition into

composition, traditionally portraying the protagonist amidst the turmoil

of events in a specific space and time, forming the gradual dynamics of

characters, and illuminating the aesthetic factors that influenced this.

The skillful use of modernist and postmodernist traditions by writers in

the artistic coverage of the infinite realms of time, space, and thought

led to the creation of works capable of transforming human

consciousness.

Within the framework of the study, the influence of portrait,

landscape, and psychological details on the protagonistʼs mental state,

inner experiences, and the plot of the work was analyzed using the

examples of Ernest Hemingwayʼs and Chingiz Aitmatovʼs stories.

Additionally, the article addresses opinions and views on artistic space

expressed in scientific works conducted by literary scholars.

One of the main objectives of the research is to explain the

extent to which micro-space is revealed through landscape, portrait,

and object details in the works of Ernest Hemingway and Chingiz

Aitmatov, as well as the similarities and differences in the styles of the

two writers in using these details. This article effectively employs

comparative-historical, psychological, and system-structural analysis

methods.

This article analyzes the artistic and aesthetic interpretation

of space and time concepts in the works of Alisher Navoi, the great

representative of Uzbek classical literature, and William

Shakespeare, the genius of English literature. The study

systematically examines the philosophical essence of space and

time categories, their role in artistic thinking, and the linguopoetic

means of expressing time and place in literary texts.

The article distinguishes between ontological and aesthetic

aspects of time - real (calendar) time and artistic (literary) time

forms, illuminating the harmony between human destiny, spiritual

experience, society, and nature through the artistic interpretation of

time and space in Navoiʼs and Shakespeareʼs works. In Navoiʼs

works, the concept of time is closely linked to notions such as

“life,” “fate,” and “era,” depicted in connection with the transience

of human life, spiritual perfection, and divine will. In Shakespeareʼs

works, time becomes an active dramatic element - transforming into

the primary factor of action, change, and human tragedy.

The article analyzes the expression of time in language and

culture at various levels - through lexical, grammatical,

phraseological, and deictic means. It also highlights the 12-16 form

system of the tense category in English and their semantic

correspondences in Uzbek translation, as well as the problem of

semantic ambiguity of time in translation. The research results

demonstrate the necessity of studying time and space units in

literary analysis not only as literary categories but also as cultural-

philosophical paradigms.

This article comprehensively analyzes one of the pressing

issues in modern linguistics - the process of terminologization - using

ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) terms in

French and Uzbek as examples. The research aims to determine the

mechanism by which common vocabulary transforms into scientific

and technical terms, and to identify the linguistic, semantic, and

functional features of this process. Evaluating terminologization as a

natural stage of language development, the article demonstrates how

words become terminological units through narrowing, expansion,

metaphorical or metonymic semantic changes in a new socio-

technological context. The study employs a functional-semantic

approach, component analysis, and draws upon the theoretical

perspectives of linguists such as Mednikova, Lopushanskaya, and

Kabakchi. Additionally, it highlights the role of terminologization in

translation, the creation of bilingual corpora, and international

scientific communication. The analysis of ICT terms in French and

Uzbek provides insight into interdisciplinary integration and the

growth of technological culture through language.

According to the research findings, terminologization is not

only a linguistic process but also a cognitive and cultural one, playing

a crucial role in language renewal, enriching scientific thought, and

forming a unified terminological system for global communication.

Consequently, the article cohesively explores the lexical-semantic,

cultural, and communicative aspects of this phenomenon.

This article examines the linguopragmatic means of

expressing relationships in commercial and political

advertising slogans. The relevance of the research is

determined by the strong influence of advertising and political

communication on shaping and managing public

consciousness in modern society. The insufficient

development of research on the linguopragmatic features of

advertising highlights the scientific novelty of this work. The

aim of the research is to determine the role of linguopragmatic

means used in advertising slogans in expressing attitudes, and

to reveal the similarities and differences between commercial

and political advertising. The research methodology includes

contextual, linguopragmatic, and comparative-typological

analysis, as well as corpus linguistics methods. The study

found that imperative constructions prevail in commercial

advertising, while affirmative declarative statements are more

commonly used in political slogans. Lexically, abstract

positive terms dominate in commercial advertising, whereas

value-oriented terms are prevalent in political advertising. The

mechanisms of influence of rhetorical figures (metaphor,

antithesis, hyperbole) and pragmatic means (presuppositions,

implications, deixis) were analyzed. The research results

enable the improvement of creating and analyzing advertising

texts, deepening knowledge about linguistic means of

expressing attitudes, as well as developing methodological

guidelines for creating effective slogans, taking into account

the mechanisms of pragmatic influence.

This article analyzes sound imitation words (onomatopoeia) in

Oybekʼs novels "Qutlugʻ qon" ("Sacred Blood") and "Navoiy" as a

crucial element of artistic expression. The function of these words in

the works is to animate events and charactersʼ psyche, and to intensify

the dynamics of scenes. The article examines, on a scientific basis,

how onomatopoeia is presented in the original text and Turkish

translations, and how artistic style and phonetic richness are preserved

or diminished through them. Although semantic equivalence is often

maintained in translations, challenges arise in fully conveying the

specific tonality and emotions of sound imitation words. Additionally,

in the translation process, it is sometimes observed that phonetically

and stylistically rich expressions are less effectively rendered. This

results in the work not fully achieving a comprehensive translation in

terms of artistic content. The study emphasizes the challenges that

onomatopoeia presents in translation and the importance of conveying

it with artistic skill. It is demonstrated that this issue is crucial for

translation theory and practice, as well as literary translation. The

article highlights the artistic and spiritual function of sound imitation

words and the problems of preserving semantic and phonetic

equivalence in translation.

While the onomatopoeia in Oybekʼs works largely maintains

semantic equivalence in translation, the phonetic and stylistic diversity

is often reduced. This demonstrates that onomatopoeia in the Uzbek

language possesses greater potential as an artistic device for enhancing

rhythm and melodiousness.

This article presents a comparative analysis of the historical

development, aesthetic and socio-philosophical content of the

epistolary genre in Eastern and Western literature. The article

highlights the artistic and spiritual features of works in the form of

letters based on examples of ancient Chinese, Indian, Persian,

Japanese, and European literature. The study employs historical-

typological, cultural-comparative, and source analysis methods. It

demonstrates that in Eastern literature, the epistolary genre evolved

as a means of expressing moral, Sufi, and spiritual ideas, while in

Western literature, it rose to the status of an independent artistic genre

conveying personal experience and philosophical thought. The

multifaceted nature of the genre is highlighted through the epistolary

heritage of creators such as Su Shi in Chinese literature, Jalaluddin

Rumi in Persian literature, and Seneca, Rousseau, Richardson, and

Goethe in European literature. The article emphasizes that the

epistolary genre remains significant even in todayʼs digital age,

taking on new modern forms through electronic letters, blogs, and

online correspondence. Furthermore, the article scientifically

analyzes aspects of the epistolary genre such as freedom and sincerity

in language, style, and aesthetic expression, as well as the full

manifestation of the authorʼs personality. The research concludes by

recognizing the epistolary genre as an integral part of the literary

process, playing a crucial role in humanityʼs spiritual, social, and

cultural development.

The study of lexical units in a specific field is one of the

important issues in linguistics. In this regard, examining the

derivation of such lexical units is particularly crucial. The field of

psychology is developing both globally and in our country. As any

field evolves, its lexical units and terminology expand, which in turn

necessitates their systematization. This article focuses on the

formation of psychological lexical units in English and Uzbek

through syntactic derivation, one of the methods of term formation.

Specifically, it examines two main models for creating psychological

lexical units in English and Uzbek: noun+noun and adjective+noun

models, using examples. The types of connections within these

models are also analyzed with examples. The noun+noun model is

analyzed in three different connection types, while the

adjective+noun model is examined in two different connection

methods. Through examples, similarities and differences between the

compared languages are identified. The research employs component

analysis, distributive analysis, typological analysis, and statistical

analysis methods. The main objective of this article is to conduct a

comparative study of the syntactic derivation of lexical units related

to the field of psychology in English and Uzbek. By determining the

specific syntactic relationships between them, this study significantly

contributes to the classification and systematization of lexical units in

the languages under investigation.

This article consists of a scientific analysis of the historical

formation of terms in the field of robotics, the stages of their

development, and the processes of their transformation in English,

Russian, and Uzbek. The article highlights the historical roots of

robotics terms, their connection with the development of science and

technology, as well as the expansion of the field on a global scale.

In the study, based on the works of such scientists as Karel Chapek,

Norbert Wiener, Isaac Azimov, the periods of the emergence of

robotic terms were studied at the literary, scientific-technical,

technological, and intellectual stages. The main tasks of the research

are to determine the sources of terms, to study their semantic

changes, their place in international communication, and the

mechanisms of their entry into the Uzbek language on a diachronic

basis. The article indicates the insufficient standardization of

robotics terms in the Uzbek language, the lack of consistency and

regulatory norms in the assimilation of terms. As a methodology, the

methods of diachronic analysis, comparative-linguistic analysis, and

source analysis were used, through which the process of term

formation was studied step by step. The results show that robotics

terms are mainly borrowed from the English language, and their

semantic coverage and scope of application are rapidly expanding.

The discussion highlights the priority of the English language as a

global scientific language and the historical significance of its

acquisition through the Russian language. In conclusion, the need to

standardize robotics terms in the Uzbek language, create a national

scientific terminological base, and ensure linguistic compatibility is

substantiated.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Shota

Rustaveliʼs The Knight in the Pantherʼs Skin in the context of

Eastern and Western epic thought. The study aims to reveal the

artistic, cultural, and philosophical significance of the Rustaveli

phenomenon through the examination of the system of characters,

poetic structure, ethical-political ideas, symbolic imagery, and

fantastical elements. The research emphasizes that the ideas

embodied in the poem should not only be considered within the

framework of national literature but also as expressions of

universal human values. For this reason, the poem is interpreted

not merely as a Georgian literary monument but as the result of

intercultural dialogue and exchange between Eastern and Western

traditions.

Methodologically, the study employs principles of

comparative literature, structural-semantic analysis, lingvopoetic

interpretation, and philosophical comparison. Rustaveliʼs poetic

style is examined in comparison with classical Eastern authors

such as Nizami and Alisher Navoi, highlighting literary and

aesthetic interconnectedness. The characters Tariel, Avtandil, and

Nestan-Darejan are analyzed as representations of diverse systems

of values, while their inner struggles, devotion, and love are linked

to shared philosophical codes of Eastern and Western literatures.

In addition, the fantastical dimensions of the poem — Tarielʼs life

in the cave, the symbolism of the pantherʼs skin, depictions of

mysterious journeys, disruptions of cosmic order, and the unique

role of female characters - are examined as significant elements of

its philosophical and symbolic layers.

Non-verbal communication plays a fundamental role in the

expression of agreement and disagreement in English, shaping interaction

beyond the spoken word. Drawing on theories of face (Goffman, 1967),

preference organization (Pomerantz, 1984), politeness strategies (Brown,

Levinson, 1987), and contextualization cues (Gumperz, 1982), this article

investigates how multimodal signals contribute to alignment and

opposition. The analysis highlights six main channels of non-verbal

communication: gestures, facial expressions, gaze, posture, proxemics,

and paralinguistic features. Findings suggest that agreement is typically

realized through immediacy and convergence, including nodding, smiling,

sustained gaze, forward posture, reduced distance, supportive intonation,

and rhythmic synchrony. Disagreement, conversely, is characterized by

delay, withdrawal, and divergence, such as gaze aversion, backward

posture, crossed arms, softer or slower speech, and hesitancy markers. In

cases of strong opposition, emphatic gestures, loudness, and falling

intonation reinforce the stance. The integration of multiple channels

reveals that meaning is negotiated not by words alone, but by the

integration of multimodal cues. This underscores the need to view

communication as an embodied practice where non-verbal behavior is

indispensable for interactional success. The study contributes to

pragmatics and conversation analysis by demonstrating how agreement

and disagreement are managed through coordinated non-verbal resources,

with implications for intercultural communication and language pedagogy.

This article provides an in-depth study of calque as a type of lexical

transformation. Calque is one of the techniques used in translation, whereby a

lexical unit from the source language - such as a word, expression, or

phraseological unit - is rendered into the target language through literal or

component-wise translation. As a result of this process, new lexical items are

introduced into the target language, preserving the original structure while

adapting to the grammatical and semantic rules of the target language.

From a linguistic perspective, calques represent a specific form of lexical

borrowing, shaped by linguistic creativity and cultural influence. In other words,

calquing not only enriches the language with new expressive means but also

serves as a reflection of intercultural interaction in linguistics. Indeed, every

idiom or phraseological unit is not only a linguistic element but also a reflection

of the worldview, thinking, and historical-cultural experience of the people who

speak in that language.

The study reveals that calque plays an important role, not only in the

process of translation, but also in intercultural communication. In particular, in

the translation versions of “O‘tkan kunlar” from Uzbek into English, this method

proves to be an effective tool for preserving the semantic and cultural depth of

communication, as well as for conveying national images and concepts across

languages.

The article analyzes calque based on the examples taken from Uzbek and

English. Through these examples, the practical application of calque, in the

translation versions of Uzbek novel, is examined. It further demonstrates that

calquing is a unique form of lexical borrowing and is the product of linguistic

creativity and cultural interaction. As a result, the study highlights the importance

of calquing both in translation practice and in facilitating intercultural

communication.

The article analyzes the ethnocultural aspects of

English abbreviations reflecting: a) national political

models, b) religious and moral values, c) national values

and lifestyle, d) professional identity and social status. The

main objective of the research is to reveal the

ethnolinguocultural characteristics of abbreviations in the

English language. The problem addressed is the

widespread use of abbreviations in various fields of English

and their ethnocultural and ethnolinguistic aspects.

Cultural and linguistic descriptive approaches are

employed as the methodological basis. For cultural

analysis, I. Darvishovʼs textbook “Ethnolinguistics,” G. A.

Botirbekova and S. B. Sharipovaʼs article

“Ethnolinguistics and Linguoculturology in Linguistics,”

and M. Z. Solijonovʼs research “Linguocultural Study of

the Conceptual Field of Narratives in English and Uzbek

Languages” were selected. The analysis reveals that

abbreviations in English are not only linguistic units but

also products of the interaction between culture, society,

and technology. Through them, people convey their

thoughts in a concise, fluent, and modern form. In

conclusion, the study of abbreviations is relevant not only

for linguistics but also for cultural studies, religious studies,

and sociology.

This article is dedicated to a comprehensive analysis of the

conceptual foundations of one of the most significant theoretical

directions in modern translation studies - the principle of equivalence.

The aim of the research is to conduct a comparative study of existing

theoretical approaches to ensuring equivalence in translation, identify

their linguistic, pragmatic, and cultural foundations, and elucidate the

challenges of achieving full equivalence in the translation process from

a scientific perspective.

The research methodology employs comparative-typological,

linguistic, semiotic, pragmatic, and functional analysis methods. In the

article, the principle of equivalence is evaluated as a key component of

the translator's competence. In the translation process, equivalence is

interpreted as a dynamic phenomenon, which is contingent on the

translator's level of cultural knowledge, stylistic sensitivity, and ability

to correctly interpret the context.

According to the research findings, equivalence in translation is

not a static correspondence, but a dynamic process aimed at cultural,

semantic, and communicative harmony. Achieving equivalence occurs

through the harmonious application of the translator's linguistic

sensitivity, cultural competence, and creative thinking. Furthermore,

the concept of equivalence is interpreted as a criterion determining the

quality of translation, as well as the primary scientific and theoretical

principle that enhances intercultural communication and ensures

semantic accuracy and functional compatibility. The research results

scientifically demonstrate the necessity for a conceptual renewal of the

theory of equivalence in modern translation studies and the harmonious

development of linguistic and cultural competencies in the process of

translator training.

This article analyzes the exposition of the novel “Sister

Carrie” by renowned American writer Theodore Dreiser. The

study examines the beginning of the plot, the setting, and how

the initial character of the protagonist is portrayed in the work.

The author comparatively analyzes the original English version

of the novel with its Uzbek (translated by Erkin Nosirov) and

Russian (translated by M. Volosov) translations. Through

comparative analysis, the translatorsʼ stylistic approaches,

semantic accuracy, and skill in expressing national-cultural

differences are revealed. Additionally, aspects such as the degree

to which the authorʼs style is preserved in the translations, the

portrayal of character development, and the conveyance of the

textʼs mood are also examined. The article has theoretical and

practical significance for those interested in translation studies

and literary text analysis, and serves to illuminate the

linguocultural challenges that arise in the translation process.

The article provides a comparative analysis of Khurshid

Dostmuhammadʼs “Vasiy” (“The Guardian”) and Ali Smithʼs

“The Child” based on postmodernist theory. The research aims

to identify how postmodernist principles manifest in Uzbek and

English short stories, highlighting their similarities and

differences. Drawing on key theoretical sources of

postmodernism (Nietzsche, Heidegger, Derrida, Foucault,

Hutcheon, McHale, Nicol, and others), the article substantiates

the analysis of these works from philosophical, aesthetic, and

narratological perspectives.

The study employs comparative-literary, postmodern

theoretical, and discursive analysis methods, examining features

such as intertextuality, metafiction, fragmentation, unreliable

narrator, ironic play, and stream of consciousness in both stories.

In “Vasiy,” the internal division of the female psyche, the

fragmented presentation of events, and the subjective

interpretation of reality form the postmodernist artistry. The

story reveals the motherʼs psychological crisis and the

metaphorical power of maternal love through unreliable

narration, metafictional ambiguity, and stream of consciousness.

In Ali Smithʼs “The Child,” a talking baby unexpectedly

appearing in a supermarket cart in an unnatural state serves as a

critique of gender, cultural, and social stereotypes in modern

society. Through principles of absurdity, ironic play, unreliable

narrator, and open-ended conclusion, the story prompts readers

to discern the boundaries between truth and imagination for

themselves. The childʼs image becomes a symbol of moral

contradictions in society.

The article analyzes the artistic interpretation of world-

historical events of the Middle Ages in the two-part novel “Rise”

and “Ruler of the World” by the prominent Azerbaijani writer

Yunus Oghuz. The author vividly portrays the figure of Amir

Temur (Tamerlane) as a diplomat, a military strategist, and a just

statesman. The novel depicts diplomatic negotiations, military

stratagems, the construction of cities and defensive fortifications,

the activities of envoys, and official correspondence, presented

through various episodes, narratives, and scenesIn creating the

image of Timur, the author pays special attention to his charitable

activities in the field of preserving centuries-old cultural heritage

and developing science. It is emphasized that the storyline is

largely based on medieval chronicles, Temurnamas, and different

versions of Zafarnamas. The novel is significant not only as a

literary representation of the Timurid era but also as a valuable

reflection of medieval diplomacy, military-political relations, and

cultural life.

The article uses methods of comparative, biographical and

linguosemantic analysis. The conclusions and recommendations

propose upcoming tasks for scientists in the field of appropriate

and systematic study of the history of outstanding personalities of

Central Asia.