KOMPARATIVISTIKA

The founding date of the British Library (The National Library of England) dates back to the 1750s. The library, formerly housed within the British Museum, was legally separated from the institution and established as an independent entity known as the British Library. The British Library, officially opened by the Queen in 1998, contains more than 150 million documents. The British Library is considered the second largest library in terms of books and other contents in the world. The British Library is near St. Pancras-Kings Cross station, where all trains meet in central London. Currently, the British Library does not have any catalogs specifically dedicated to Turkish manuscripts, nor do they contain a comprehensive collection of all Turkish manuscripts within the library. The catalogs and brochures contained within Turkish manuscripts, which were compiled in the years 1888 and 1958, are considered insufficient for contemporary researchers. The British Library has a wide variety of Turkish manuscripts. It is possible to discover a significant quantity of manuscripts composed in various Turkic languages, including Gokturk, Old Uyghur Turkic, Karahanlı-Harezm-Kipchak in the East, and Azerbaijan Turkic, Old Anatolian Turkish, Ottoman Turkish, and Turkish Turkish in the West, all of which belong to the Oghuz branch of the Turkic language family. In addition, the British Library has treatises in almost all Turkish dialects (Bashkurt, Uzbek, Tatar, Kazakh, Kirghiz, Chuvash, etc.).

The relevance of this article is the process of comparing the work of two American writers of the XIX-XX centuries, L.M. Alcott and A. Tyler, which highlights the common problem of humanism and its role in preserving family traditions. The article aims to compare novels in the genre of family chronicles of American writers of different eras. The article has an analytical and historical approach to the study of these novels. The scientific novelty of the research work lies in the fact that the works of American writers of different eras in the genre of family chronicles are compared for the first time. The article examines the question posed in world literary studies about the genre of family chronicle, the peculiarities of its principles in general, and individual families in particular. The study reveals this topic of family relations fully and in detail, which is reflected in their works that have come down to our days. The aspects forming family values of American families who lived in the period under review are compared. It is important to mention that the family brought up not only general views on society and achieved success in it, but also gradually developed family traditions.

In the current era of globalization, science, like many other fields, is experiencing rapid development. Specifically, there has been a substantial increase in changes within the field of literature. The progress in the literary works of a particular country is especially evident when contrasted with the literature of another nation. Analyzing rare works in Uzbek literature, studying the life and creativity of their authors is urgent, and at the same time, comparing these works with the literature of another nation on the other side of the world is an indispensable task. Therefore, in order to contribute to research in this field, we decided to compare certain aspects of Uzbek and American literature. In this article, the works of two great writers, the master of Uzbek short stories, Abdullah Qahhor, and the representative of American literature, Jack London, are analyzed based on various literary criteria. The similarities and differences in their works, as well as their unique characteristics, are investigated. When the creativity of representatives of two different national literature is compared, studying the religious, social origin, lifestyle and living conditions of these peoples is also one of the important aspects of this scientific work. This article not only examines the peculiarities, similarities, and differences in the works of these two storytellers but also analyses into the analysis of some of their short stories.

This research is dedicated to a comparative analysis of Alisher Navoiʼs work “Lison ut-Tayr” (“The Language of Birds”) and Geoffrey Chaucerʼs “Canterbury Tales”. These masterpieces of Eastern and Western classical literature are explored in terms of their narrative structure, artistic composition, as well as the similarities and differences in their social and moral ideas. The primary aim of this research is to investigate the correlation between Uzbek and English literatures by conducting a comparative analysis of these two works. Additionally, it seeks to analyze the philosophical and ethical perspectives of the authors through an examination of their narrative structures and symbolic imagery. In “Lison ut-Tayr”, Navoiy reflects the symbolic and philosophical essence of Sufi literature, while in “The Canterbury Tales”, Chaucer portrays medieval English society through realism. Both authors, drawing inspiration from previous literary traditions, skillfully express the social and spiritual issues of their time. The research examines the narrative structure, character development, artistic techniques, and thematic elements of the works, as well as the distinct and shared qualities of their symbolic and allegorical imagery. This study aims to provide a broader understanding of the significance and role of the literary heritage of these great authors in the cultural and literary development of their respective societies.

In their literary works, Christopher Paul Curtis and Khudoyberdi Tuxtaboyev delve into the complexities of human emotions and address social injustices, bringing attention to the experiences and societal expectations of orphaned children. This article examines the manifestation of social inequality through the depiction of orphaned characters by authors from two distinct nations within diverse cultural and historical contexts. The works of Curtis expose the racial and class disparities present in American society by depicting the struggles of orphaned children. The social inequalities of the Great Depression are subject to sharp criticism. The characters are faced with racial discrimination and economic hardships, which compel them to struggle against the harsh and unjust rules of society in order to survive. In contrast, Khudoyberdi Tuxtaboyevʼs depiction of orphaned children serves as a commentary on the societal injustices of World War II. The economic disparities between the affluent and the impoverished were exacerbated during the war, as the influential took advantage of and subjugated the less privileged. Kh.Tuxtaboyev discusses the ways in which the affluent utilized their resources and influence to manipulate or exploit the impoverished, capitalizing on the intricate circumstances of war. He provides insight into the issues of socioeconomic disparity and material deprivation within the unique societal context of Uzbekistan. The authors portray orphanhood not only as a personal tragedy, but also as a manifestation of larger societal issues. The authors use the struggles of orphaned children to illustrate social inequalities, class barriers, and injustices in society, as these children face challenges posed by societal structures that work against them. Thus, in both literatures, the image of the orphan serves as a vehicle for social criticism.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the political elements present in literature during the American Enlightenment and Uzbek Jadid movement, and to uncover the political inclinations expressed in the literary works of the representatives from these periods. We have tried to shed light on the effect of the socio-political environments and the political atmospheres during the 18th and early 19th centuries in shaping aesthetic works. Moreover, the current article deeply examines some specific literary works during the times in question and reveals their relation to political events. Furthermore, the writersʼ socio-economic status and how it impacted the works they produced will be thoroughly analyzed. If we observe the literature of the American Enlightenment period with its various political agendas and trends, the emergence of new types of genres in literature, while in the Uzbek national literature, under the impact of world literature, a variety of genres started to appear to reflect the transformations in the society.

This article explores the complex relationship between nationality and universality in proverbs, focusing on expressions from various languages. Proverbs, as succinct carriers of cultural wisdom, provide insights into the values and beliefs of different societies. The study examines the universal traits of proverbs, which are short, impactful phrases that have been transmitted through generations for educational and developmental purposes. They reflect the values, beliefs, and experiences of diverse cultures globally, acting as a mirror of cultural heritage. The research emphasizes the significance of proverbs in traditional storytelling and linguistic studies, showcasing the rich linguistic traditions of various societies. By systematically analyzing proverbs from different languages, this study seeks to uncover the unique cultural elements embedded in these expressions while also recognizing common themes that transcend cultural boundaries. It investigates both nationality-focused themes and the universal truths found in proverbs, illuminating shared human experiences. A comparative approach enhances the understanding of both the distinctive and shared aspects of proverbial wisdom across these languages, offering insights for improved intercultural communication. As global interactions continue to grow, this research provides valuable perspectives on the diverse nature of cultural expressions within the linguistic landscape of English, Uzbek, and French proverbs.

This article is devoted to the linguistic study of logistics terms. Terms are used not only in the language, but also as part of a certain terminology. Terminology as a system of scientific terms is a subsystem of the general lexical system of the language. Industrial enterprises, agro-industrial complexes, transport logistics departments were established. In foreign literature, logistics refers to the process of managing the transportation and storage of raw materials, materials, and finished products in the economic cycle, from the moment of payment to suppliers until the receipt of money for the delivery of finished products to the consumer. English logistics terminology contains many borrowed words from related fields of knowledge. The influence of globalization on the formation of the logistics system is extensive. This process has a positive effect, because it ultimately leads to the unification and standardization of terms, which makes them easier to understand and use.

The field of terminology, which is one of the current topics in linguistics today, is the central topic of the article. The article is dedicated to the formation of transport terms in English and Uzbek through the affixation method, which is one of the methods of formation of transport terms. In this article, the suffixes and prefixes that actively participate in the formation of transport terms in English and Uzbek are expressed through relevant examples. The terms formed using the affixation method in English and Uzbek are also analyzed in terms of how many components they consist of. The possibilities of formation of these transport terms in terms of parts of speech are also shown. During the comparison of terms related to the English transport sector with their Uzbek counterparts, the main attention was paid to the lexical-semantic properties of the terms, and their isomorphic-allomorphic aspects were identified. The methods of component analysis, distributive analysis, typological and statistical analysis were used to carry out the research. The aim of the article is to identify the possibilities of morphological formation of terms related to the transport sector in English and Uzbek, to identify the differences and similarities of terms formed in this way in both languages, as well as to identify the most effective and actively used prefixes and suffixes in the formation of transport terms

This article discusses the potential uses of adjectives in Uzbek and English, the process of justifying of adjectives, the application of other parts of speech as adjectives, and the roles of adjectives functioning as nouns, adverbs, and participles in sentences. Uzbek and English are compared, their textual potentials are analyzed, and examples are provided from the Uzbek and English versions of Theodore Dreiserʼs novel Sister Carrie. The article employs comparative-descriptive and component analysis methods. The scientific result of the article is that the functional-semantic properties of adjectives in two languages are revealed, comparatively analyzed with examples from the text. The main conclusion of the article is that adjectives in Uzbek and English are used in almost identical functions in texts, but they also differ in their text potentials, suggesting that adjectives in the two languages have unique similarities and differences.

The article studies the gender characteristics of proverbs expressing the concept of friendship and enmity in English and Uzbek. The significance of proverbs in the expression of folk culture cannot be underestimated. Proverbs that express the concept of friendship and enmity in folk culture shed light on important information and the specific characteristics of peoples, such as the historical experiences of the people, interactions in society and family relations, and relations with other peoples. Examining these proverbs through a gender lens uncovers the distinct perspectives of men and women on the concepts of friendship and enmity. The coverage of these relations in English and Uzbek proverbs reflects the specifics of both peoplesʼ cultures. The article examines proverbs with a gender component that express the concepts of friendship and enmity, and conducts a semantic and gender analysis. It also illustrates the similarities and differences between the cultures and languages of the two speakers through examples. The proverbs were studied in groups according to their gender-related language. The coverage of gender characteristics in expressing the idea of friendship and enmity in Uzbek and English proverbs revealed the uniqueness of the values of both nations.

Linguopragmatics aims to explore language within its social and situational context and emphasizes its role as a tool for communication. Contrary to formal linguistics, which primarily concerns language structure, pragmalinguistics centers on language use and investigates the dynamics of communication between speakers and listeners in different contexts. This field delves into the theory of speech acts, examining how language conveys meaning and intention. It includes the analysis of both explicit and implicit speech goals, the speaker's emotional tone or inner state, and the listener's willingness to engage and interpret the message effectively. Pragmalinguistics also investigates various types of communicative behavior, such as speech strategies and tactics used to achieve specific outcomes in communication. The rules of dialogue that facilitate effective communication are another important area of study. Furthermore, this field of study investigates the use of indirect speech acts, in which communicators convey ideas through subtle and often non-literal forms of expression. Techniques such as language games, in which meaning is playfully manipulated or negotiated, are also explored. By understanding these elements, pragmalinguistics seeks to show how language functions as a dynamic, context-dependent tool for interaction.

This article describes the terms and terminological combinations used in the geological sphere of English and Uzbek languages, and the isomorphic features of geological terms of these languages are presented on the basis of a large-scale system. Despite the extensive research conducted by Uzbek and Russian linguists on the study of terms in both languages, there remains a lack of comprehensive analysis of the similarities and differences between them. This is due to the lack of a large-scale systematic study of terms in both languages. The examination of the structural and functional characteristics of terms pertaining to a specific field in two languages is conducted through the utilization of the structural and functional method. Since its basic requirements are often considered a kind of systems approach, it is important for typological comparative research to determine the similarity or difference of aspects existing in a large-scale generalizing system of languages. Based on this, similarities and differences in languages are studied in this scientific article based on the works of foreign linguist Krzysztof Ozga. In this system, the main attention is paid to the study of isomorphic properties of terms. Thus, by conducting a systematic analysis of geological terminology in both English and Uzbek, it has been demonstrated that the word formation patterns of these terms possess isomorphic characteristics

This article discusses the explicit and implicit concepts that are considered to be the primary concerns of current linguopragmatics, in relation to the translation of Uzbek anecdotes into English. In the analysis of the linguistic and pragmatic elements in the translation of Uzbek anecdotes into English, the implicit and explicit concepts play a crucial role in determining the effectiveness, consistency, and reliability of the translation in relation to the source text. It is a known fact that during the process of translation, linguistic units from one language may undergo changes in their characteristics when translated into another language, and can be rendered using alternative linguistic units. In this instance, maintaining the humor in the original text when translating it into another language requires a high level of proficiency from the translator. Additionally, one notable aspect of anecdotes is their tendency to convey a concealed purpose through a "cup under cup" technique, thereby further enhancing their effectiveness. The original passage conveys emotion, laughter, openness, and the exchange of implied meanings, thus necessitating a broader consideration of the implicit and explicit concepts of linguistic pragmatics. Due to the significance of this matter for translators, it greatly affects the quality of the translation. Failing to address this issue may result in alterations to the translationʼs intended meaning. The expected result cannot be achieved.

The process of literary translation is highly intricate, involving the transmission of aesthetic and spiritual depth from one language to another. This article aims to provide a comprehensive and indepth analysis of the various challenges that arise when translating literature, focusing on the complex and diverse lexical obstacles that may be encountered and their subsequent categorization. The primary emphasis is placed on the challenges of accurately conveying the semantic nuances of lexical units, reflecting cultural characteristics in the translation process, and choosing suitable synonyms. The significance of this article lies in the inadequate coverage of lexical transformations and the use of main varieties in Uzbek translation studies to achieve translation equivalence in translations into Uzbek. Currently, one of the most essential requirements is to thoroughly understand masterpieces in world literature. Considering the significant practical importance of translating exemplary foreign literature into Uzbek, the necessity for exceptional translations of Englishlanguage sources remains pertinent.

The article explores the fundamental issue of literary translation and its impact on reconstructing the national identity of a literary work. Challenges arise when trying to translate the cultural nuances of the time period depicted. Thе nоvеl “Thе Dаys Gоnе By” by А.Kаdiri hаs bееn chоsеn аs аn оbjеct оf thе rеsеаrch. Thе spеcificity оf using trаnsfеr tеchniquеs withоut еquivаlеnt Еnglish rеаlitiеs thаt crеаtе thе imаgе оf hеrоеs аnd hеlp dеscribе thе nаtiоnаl idеntity оf thе pеоplе intо Еnglish аnd Uzbеk lаnguаgеs has bееn rеvеаlеd. The research work for this article primarily uses correlational and mixed research methods to reveal its results. The works and opinions of numerous researchers from both international and Uzbek backgrounds were thoroughly examined. Аs а rеsult, it wаs prоvеn thаt thе trаnslаtоr shоuld cаrеfully study thе nаtiоnаl lаndscаpе оf thе rеаl pаst, which rеflеcts thе еvеnts оf thе wоrk, аnd hоw thеy wеrе rеflеctеd in thе оriginаl, аs wеll аs thе nееd tо rеcrеаtе thеm in thеir nаtivе lаnguаgе.

The main objective of this research article is to thoroughly examine and analyze the lexical equivalence of word substitutes in both the English and Uzbek languages, with the ultimate goal of determining their similarities and differences. The concept of lexical equivalence in translation entails the precise and suitable substitution of lexical units from one language with their equivalents in another language. This study analyzes the semantic and grammatical differences between lexical units in English and Uzbek, as well as the contextual and pragmatic features that affect word substitution. Specifically, the research explores synonym and antonym relationships, lexical errors, and ways to prevent them. By identifying and analyzing word equivalents in both languages, the study aims to provide a scientific basis for improving translation practices and language learning processes. The findings of this study will aid in gaining a deeper understanding of lexical distinctions between the two languages and in devising efficient approaches for translation.

This article explores the artistic skills of W. S Maugham in creating rich, multi-dimensional characters within his narratives. Maugham's way of creating characters is deep, realistic, and diverse, making for a really interesting look at human nature. The discussion begins with an examination of Maugham's psychological insight and illustrates how he crafts characters that reflect complex motivations and inner conflicts. The article examines the characters in Maugham's major works, such as "Of Human Bondage" and "The Painted Veil," and emphasizes how they are not simply vessels for the plot, but rather complex individuals whose journeys deeply resonate with readers. Subsequently, the article discusses Maughamʼs wide range of characters, highlighting how their diverse backgrounds and experiences contribute to the thematic depth of his stories.