KOMPARATIVISTIKA

The development of the epic genre in oriental poetry is manifested in the enrichment of the "nomadic plots" of oral folk art with the specific properties of written fiction and in the combination of the canons of oriental poetics. This literary and aesthetic event can be traced in the combination of the author's theme, content, architectonics and individual artistic style with the social problems of historical reality in his work. The interest of the authors of poems in the revival of themes and plots of past times, the creation of a relationship between poems in folk art and poems of written literature, the manifestation of nationality in the style of written literature creates an artistic synthesis of "nomadic" plots in Eastern epic poetry. This topic is revealed in the article on the example of the analysis of the ancient history of the love of Leyli and Majnun, created in the Arabian steppes, with poems written in Persian-Tajik and Turkic literature. The artistic, aesthetic and ideological principles of Alisher Navai's epic work contributed to the renewal of the centuries-old traditions of oriental poetry. Nizami Ganjavi as the first master of the epic style in his literary environment, and Alisher Navai as a prominent creative figure and statesman of the Timurid Renaissance era, turned in their works to wise folk thinking and the unfading traditions of folklore. Sheikh Nizami in his poem "Leyli and Majnun" turned directly to the creations of oral folklore to express his socially useful thoughts, often expressing his ideological idea not with instructions, but with living episodes and images from folk art. The great thinker, creatively using the artistic traditions of his mentors, gives his poem a new romantic-realistic spirit.

The article is concerned with the historical prose of Hilary Mantel. The writer reveals the history of England, especially the period of the Tudor era, immersing the reader in an epic world. Hilary Mantel analyzes the political intrigue and manipulation that characterized the Tudor era to convey the complexity of power and influence. She addresses the sociocultural norms and values of various times and social groups, enriching her works with detailed descriptions and aspects of everyday life. The aim of this article is to analyze the work of Hilary Mantel, taking into account the relationship between historical aspects and the concept of “women's writing” in her works. The main objective of the study is to identify the influence of women's writing on the interpretation of historical events in the trilogy of Hilary Mantel. The article explores the way how women's writing penetrates historical prose and how this affects the perception of historical characters and events. The research methodology includes an analysis of Hilary Mantel's trilogy, taking into account feminist criticism and the concept of “women's writing”. After World War I, women gained access to many privileges, allowing them to spend more time reading books. As a result, interest in historical prose increased, and many women began to engage in literary creativity. This led to an increase in the number of historical novels written by women after the 1930s. The writers focused on the difficulties that women faced in different historical periods. They gave their heroines new depth by drawing attention to the significant existential and psychological barriers that women faced in the past and continue to face today. The results of the article demonstrate the features of “women's writing” in the historical prose of Hilary Mantel and its influence on the interpretation of historical plots and characters in her works.

The following article deals with the problems of teaching terms related to the sphere of railways for the future specialists. The content of the work includes the analyses of process of above mentioned ESP classes. Moreover, the classification and the application of the terms have been mentioned in the article. The railway terms differ from the other linguistics units due to the semantic and structural peculiarities. The methodology teaching foreign languages is considered to be a part of the lingvodidactics. The article provides the reader with the sufficient information about the essence of the linguistic feature of the term during the process of the classes. Analysis of the researches in the sphere of teaching English for the specific purposes undertaken in abroad and in Uzbekistan have been analyzed. Based on the results of the analysis, conclusions have been made. Linguistic research of branch terms was engaged in Uzbek scholars as H. Paluanova, O. Akhmedov and D. Kadyrbekova’s works are studied deeply, and Russian scientists as V. Leichik, L. Krysin and G Vinokur's researches served as the theoretical basis in the case. The conclusions drawn from the analysis of the scientific and theoretical literature are based on the lexical versions of terms in the railway sector in Uzbek, Russian and English. The article also describes the morphological structure of the terms and their semantic meanings, as well as the rules of differentiation according to the ways of word-formation. The problem of classification of terms used in the railway industry is highlighted, and the main criteria for classifying terms in the railway sector are listed, which increases the theoretical value of the work. The important aspects of professional competence of future railroad professionals are mentioned in the article.

It is a truth universally acknowledged that culture shapes the way we tell, share, and understand stories. The structures of stories and the conditions under which they are transmitted and read are all quite different depending on the geographical location, time period, and culture in which they originated. For literary studies, the handling of a vast variety of literature from all around the world is the cornucopia for its teaching and research. It is a wealth that has been merely a minor interest for literary studies for decades. In particular, the sensitivity for a variety of cross-cultural readings has only been treated as a margin in literary studies. For instance, it is nearly impossible to write only about the history of the nineteenth century novels in Europe from Finland to Turkey, because the bibliographies of books shared throughout Europe do not exist. At the same time, we only have limited knowledge on how and to what extent readers from Asian backgrounds understand the same stories in different ways compared to Westerners. Do readers from diverse cultural settings differ in the understanding of topics, do they differ in understanding the characters and plots, or does culture shape the reading in some dimensions, but not in others? Even more general questions on whether cultural reading habits exist have not been extensively investigated in literary studies. In addition to the general claims on reading “between” cultures, literary studies have a poor understanding of what cultural differences in reading means. It is noteworthy that systematic cross-cultural studies of reading literature remain rather uncommon, despite the diversity of literatures and their readers. In contrast to linguistics, where the mapping of the world’s languages and the differences in the use of languages are major research tasks in projects such as DoBeS, HRELP, TLA and WALS, no world atlas of literature exists to document the diversity of literatures as well as their readers. However, under other names, a variety of approaches have mapped the differences and intersections in the reading of literatures across the globe.

The article focuses on the methodology of comparative analysis as applied to literary studies. The authors identify the primary objective of comparative studies of literary facts as the identification of similarities and differences between objects based on the comparison of structural elements at different levels (theme, plot, image, language, and style, among others). To the tasks of comparative analysis the authors of the article refer epistemological, logical, methodological and axiological tasks. The significance of each stage of comparative analysis is evaluated in the context of acquiring new knowledge about the objects of comparison and understanding the relationships between them. Typical situations that arise during the process of comparative analysis, such as comparing literary facts and phenomena that coexist in the same place and/or time, or differing in the place and/or time of their existence, are also described in detail. The authors provide a comprehensive list and detailed characterization of the criteria for evaluating the results of comparison, as well as the conditions for ensuring the reliability of the results of comparative analysis. The article devotes particular attention to translation as an object of comparative literary studies. The focus is on the role of the translator as an intermediary in the process of intercultural artistic communication, as well as on potential aspects of a comparative study of the original text and its translation.

In her article "Comparative Literature, (Comparative) Cultural Studies, Aesthetic Education, and the Humanities" Sonja Stojmenska-Elzeser discusses comparative literature in the context of cultural studies and aesthetic education. Her starting point is the complexity of comparative literature as an academic discipline propelled by intellectual curiosity for what lies across the barriers which stand in the way of understanding and enjoying creative acts of all kinds everywhere and at all times. Literary and artistic investigations which focus on aesthetic values lead us towards general aesthetics, analyses which situate the arts and literature in context with little regard for aesthetic criteria take us towards cultural studies. How are these three areas related? Do they share the same concerns in relation to creativity? How do they survive and cooperate in the contemporary world in which the humanities are often sidelined? Literary discourses could help in facing these challenges and reshaping the European imaginary in accordance with the complexity of European reality. All of these reflections need to be built upon the aesthetic experience of a range of artistic works including painting, cinema, music, theater, architecture, and, of course, literature read in its original languages and/or in translation. Hence her objective to advocate the study and teaching of literature in a European context in a constellation of comparative literature, (comparative) cultural studies, and aesthetic education.

The following paper deals with the analysis of the features of magical realism that was developed in Latin American Literature in the XX century. Magical realism originally formulated in the field of arts, was transformed in literature and developed as a literary style with its own specific features taking different forms in many novels of the writers. When analyzing the novels written in magical realism, literary critics revealed folklore elements as a form of magic developed by writers to express the plot of the novel. Magical realism as a literary style was first explored in the novels of Latin American writers and this approach to writing drew the attention of many critics causing deep discussions. Novels of Latin American writers became the source of magical realism elements as novels presented multiple forms of magic developed by authors. Later on, literary critics focused their studies on exploring the other features of magical realism in the novels of US writers, who were contributing to the development of magical realism with new forms of magic in modern life. The studies demonstrate that modern US literature is rich in novels with various forms of magical realism that could be a source for the literary studies. In their novel, US writers use magical realism elements effectively to express the plot, sequence of events and images by creating new forms of magic. This article focuses on the analysis of a particular novel written by an American writer in which we witness magic in real life situation in modern society. XX century American writer John Updike managed to create a new feature of magical realism in a new context in his novel “Brazil”. In this novel the writer effectively uses folklore elements, myth and fairy tales by creating their new interpretation for modern generation. In “Brazil”, we can see how John Updike presents magic and real life together. By describing the events based on the myth, the writer gives the reader an opportunity to experience the life in exotic nature, myth and modern life in the novel.

James Fenimore Cooper's “The Leatherstocking Tales” stand as iconic works in American literature, offering a vivid portrayal of the frontier experience and the intricate dynamics between European settlers and Native American communities during the early years of American expansion. Within this rich tapestry, Cooper presents a diverse array of characters, including idealized Indian women, whose roles and representations serve as lenses through which broader themes of race, gender, and colonialism are explored. This article provides a comprehensive examination of Cooper's portrayal of idealized Indian women, situating it within the larger context of 19th century American literature and cultural discourse. Drawing on a wide-ranging literature review, this study delves into the complexities of Cooper's treatment of race and gender, highlighting the intersections between Enlightenment ideals of primitivism, romantic notions of the "noble savage," and prevailing stereotypes of Native American peoples. Through characters like Wah-ta-Wah and Hist, Cooper constructs images of Indian women that embody virtues of purity, wisdom, and cultural integrity while also challenging Eurocentric perspectives on indigenous cultures. Furthermore, this article explores the ways in which Cooper's portrayal of idealized Indian women intersects with broader discourses on colonialism, identity negotiation, and the mythic construction of the American frontier. By critically analysing Cooper's narrative strategies and characterizations, we gain insight into the cultural anxieties and aspirations of 19th century America while also interrogating enduring myths and stereotypes that continue to shape contemporary perceptions of Native American peoples. Ultimately, this study argues for a more nuanced understanding of Cooper's portrayal of idealized Indian women, recognizing the agency and resilience of these characters within the complex social and historical contexts of the American frontier. Through a critical reevaluation of Cooper's works, we are prompted to confront the legacies of colonialism and cultural exchange and to engage more deeply with the diverse voices and perspectives that have shaped the American literary landscape.

This article is devoted to the description of religious, political and environmental conditions in the dystopian society described in Margaret Atwood's “MaddAddam” trilogy. The first and second novels of the trilogy describe the events that happened at the same time, and the third novel is a continuation of the previous two novels. The themes in the novel are diverse, and the writer not only paints a political picture of the society, but also focuses on the activities of various religious groups, the use of science by scientists on irrelevant research, and the sacrifice of animals for such useless research. The purpose of the article is to describe the problems related to religion, politics and the environment in society, and to highlight the role of a person and the influence of science. In order to achieve the goal set in the article, we studied and compared the opinions of various literary critics about the trilogy. In this regard, historical-cultural and comparative research method were applied in the article. The introductory part of the article describes the debates about Atwood's trilogy, and the main part describes the differences in religious groups and their activities, the influence of religion and science on the origin of environmental factors.

This research paper examines the representation of mental illness in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” via the lens of narrative voice, symbolism and character interactions. The story highlights the oppressive cultural perspective towards female mental health in the late 1800s by delving into the protagonist’s journey into insanity and her relationship with her husband, John. The study uses the method of qualitative content analysis to illustrate the negative consequences of “the rest cure”, a popular medical treatment consisting of total isolation, a systematic diet and complete rest for patients. It also discusses the necessity of agency and autonomy in mental health care. The findings support Gilman’s work’s enduring relevance in modern discourse about mental health treatment and gender dynamics and calls for a more compassionate and empathetic approach to dealing with mental illness. In the final analysis, "The Yellow Wallpaper" offers freedom, not through madness, but through ecriture feminine, the expression of the feminine self-using words, finally empowering the unnamed female protagonist. The portrayal of mental illness in literature has been an important topic in past and recent years. Physical illness was always researched and portrayed by authors in their literary works, and the fear of suffering emotionally caused an increase of the literature that broached the topic mental illness. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a significant writer of fiction and nonfiction in the early 20th century, employed her own battle with depression to create a powerful fictional narrative which has broad effects in what concerns historical or fictional works relative to portrayals of mental illnesses.