KOMPARATIVISTIKA

This article is about the similarities and differences in Shakespeare's and Navoi's character creation skills. Both Navoi and Shakespeare created images of the king, but while the images of the king created by Navoi are very kind for the folk, the images of the king created by Shakespeare are embodied as a person who loves words of praise, arrogant, wants the crown, glory, and honor. Nevertheless, Shakespeare created positive characters in his works, such as Hamlet or Kent, who guided the kings to the right path with their advice. The characters in Shakespeare's works are created in such a variety that from the behavior of the characters it is possible to know about the system of that time, the writer's attitude and what he wants to say. While forming the original images, Navoi focuses not only on the image of the king, but also on the general images on the work, the individual type, and summarizes with his conclusions. In order to exaggerate the story and bring it to a perfect form, he uses stories and wisdom as an additional basis.

In the article, the basis of artistic journalism is the social, philosophical, scientific and artistic concept put forward by the author or in a specific journalistic work, artistic journalism of the creator is based on three main factors, the worldview of the writer and the historical values specific to the era and nation; national and universal problems of the creative age; the commonality of these two factors with the creative personality and artistic concept, is examined the scope of the author's theme, the theme of the Motherland is the main plan in both his poetry and journalism, and the image of the Motherland in all of Sirojiddin Sayyid's poetry is stronger than other themes, the publicist prose of the creator talks about the embodiment of various topics such as Motherland, mother, love, loyalty, hatred, memory of the ancestors, history, nature, beauty, poetry and poetry

This article analyzes the problems of pregnancy, motherhood, old age, relationship between mother and daughter, expressed in Anne Enright's works “What Are You Like?”, “The Gathering”, “Making Babies” and “The Green Road”. In Enright’s novels, motherhood is presented in different ways, the diversity of mother images, opposition to traditional stereotypes, and the existence of a connection between motherhood, language, and personality are explored. In these works, the author relied on the theory of psychoanalysts to illuminate the maternal psyche, and reveals various aspects of motherhood in the family and mother-child relationships. The article analyzes a biographical and psychological analysis of the image of the beautiful nature of motherhood and incomparable love, the inner world of the heroes of the work, the mental state of elderly women, and all the moments of grief and suffering of their life in the selected works of the writer

The article is dedicated to the influence of existentialism on modern English literature. Existentialism was originated in the twentieth century, in Germany and France, and became a political, cultural and artistic movement, which serves as the main force for the emergence of modern philosophical tendencies in English prose, poetry and drama. Existentialism arose from the position of the German philosophers of the nineteenth century, who defended the individuality of the individual and the concepts of freedom and free choice by showing reaction to the Hegelian philosophy of absolute conscious and unity. Existentialism is the doctrine of the existence of a person as an individuum. This movement promotes the idea of creating one’s own values, abandoning all traditional and universal moral codes. After the two world wars, existentialism began to penetrate into Western culture, despite the fact that in Great Britain, where the role of traditions and manners was great, this philosophical tendency received a special shade of criticism and found its own place in literature. The purpose of this article is to study the peculiarities of existentialism in the prose of English literature of the XX century. The research uses a philosophical approach, historical and cultural, empirical and comparative methods. Also, novels and short stories written by famous thinkers and writers like William Golding and John Fowles are used to substantiate the peculiarities of existentialism in English literature. The article discusses the main ideas of existentialism and its place in English literature. According to the results of the research, the common and distinctive features of English existentialism from German and French existentialism, as well as new concepts that arose under the influence of the movement to English literature, are revealed.

Genres of literary criticism in world literature as a separate system acquire an important place in the literary process and development of literature, including in Uzbek literary criticism. In this system, a literary parallel takes an important place, like a review, an article, a literary portrait. The period taken as an object in the literary parallel and the works created in it are analyzed and certain conclusions are drawn. Literary parallel, which is an independent genre of literary criticism, is of great importance in the development of literature and activation of the literary process. At the same time, each literary parallel has a deep logical root, and it is necessary to have reasonable, scientific and theoretical discussions. It is worth noting that the rise of the Press speeded up the development of genres of literary criticism genres, literary-criticism genres and its various internal types have developed. One of the urgent tasks is facing Uzbek literary criticism today, revealing the peculiarities of the literary parallel, which is considered an independent genre in the genre system, scientifically-theoretically researching the nature of the genre, identifying its genesis, highlighting its artistry and compositional features on a scientific basis. This article explores the genesis, nature of the literary parallel, the factors that led to its creation, and the case of literary parallels which was created in Uzbek literary studies and criticism. Comparative-typological, hermeneutic and analytical methods of analysis were used in the research. The purpose of the article is to scientifically research the nature and development of the literary parallel genre in Uzbek literary studies and criticism.

The article discusses the methodology of comparative analysis in relation to literary studies. The author defines the main goal of comparative studies of literary facts as identifying similarities and differences between objects based on a comparison of structural elements of various levels (theme, plot, image, language and style, etc.) Among the tasks of comparative analysis, the author of the article includes epistemological, logical, methodological, methodical, axiological tasks. The importance of each stage of comparative analysis is considered in the context of obtaining new knowledge about the objects of comparison and understanding the relationships between them. Typical situations that arise in the process of comparative analysis (comparison of literary facts and phenomena that coexist in the same place and/or time, or differ in place and/or time of their existence) are also described in detail. The author lists and characterizes in detail the criteria for evaluating the results of the comparison, as well as the conditions for ensuring the reliability of the results of the comparative analysis. Special attention in the article is paid to translation as an object of comparative literature. The emphasis is on the role of the translator as an intermediary in the process of intercultural artistic communication, as well as on possible aspects of comparative study of the original text and its translation

The article analyzes the genesis of the principle of the triad and its originality, social, moral, as well as philosophical and artistic functions using the example of folklore of the nations of the world, works of hagiographic, classical and modern literature. The purpose of the study is to reveal the role of the triad in fiction, its artistic and aesthetic function, its participation as a poetic image, digital representations in the composition of literary works, in particular, the significance of the concept based on the triad, its genesis, problems with the character of heroes in modern literature. The following tasks were set: to describe the scientific and theoretical aspects of terms associated with digital representations, to study the problem of digital representations the universal nature, functional aspects of works based on the triad, issues of using such works in connection with life phenomena; the interaction of the image of the triad with social realities, the application and functional features of the triad in ancient literature, the study of the relationship of number with various concepts; the use of a triad in the composition of a work, determining the place of such works in the structural and compositional system; justifying the expression of national identity, realities and national color in such works , the universal nature of motives, reality and artistic fiction.

Letters are one of the most concise and effective forms of human communication. Together with the writer of the letter, the heart, mood, hopes, and dreams of the receiver are reflected in them. If personal letters between people are seen as a means of communication, then letters in literature and criticism are considered a separate genre, and studying the nature and different forms of their letters, which is the key to entering the laboratory of creators, is one of the urgent tasks. This article examines letters in literature and literary criticism and their place in the works of the great poets Alisher Navoi, A.S. Pushkin, Gafur Gulam and N. Gumilyov. It has been revealed that letters play an important role in studying the biography of creators entering the creative laboratory and are an important source of revealing their creative and spiritual image. Literary letters serve as a valuable resource for studying not only the lives and works of writers and critics, but also the period of writing, the history, the reasons for writing, and the mysteries with all their contradictions. Therefore, in the article, some letters of Uzbek and Russian writers are studied in a comparative-typological way.