Fairy tales are artistic reflections of cultural codes, ancient traditions, and national worldviews imprinted in the linguistic consciousness of a particular people. This article examines culturally significant units in Italian and Uzbek folk tales from a comparative linguistic and cultural perspective. The objects of study are Italo Calvinoʻs “Italian Tales” and Giambattista Basileʼs “Pentamerones”, as well as collections of Uzbek folk tales. The article classifies culturally specific linguistic units based on four main systems: material culture (national clothing and food), social and everyday relations, religious and mythological images, and natural landscapes. Elements of urban and palace life and Christian culture (for example, the image of Malocchio or Befana) in Italian fairy tales are compared with Islamic and ancient Turkic mythology (for example, fairies, giants, and magic carpets) in Uzbek fairy tales. Although both peoples share common traits, such as the struggle between good and evil and the triumph of good, cultural units play a key role in defining the national identity of their folktales. The practical part of the study also specifically examines the problems of translating cultural units and strategies for their adaptation. This article highlights isomorphic and allomorphic aspects in the cultures of the two peoples through the lens of linguistic units.