This article presents a comparative study of psychological characterization in the works of Thomas Hardy and Fyodor M. Dostoevsky, representing the English and Russian literary traditions of the nineteenth century. The relevance of the study is determined by the growing interest of contemporary comparative literary studies in artistic psychologism as one of the most significant means of portraying the inner world of an individual. The aim of the research is to identify the common and distinctive features of the artistic representation of psychological images in the works of these two writers. To achieve this aim, the following objectives were established: to analyze the characteristics of artistic psychologism in the novels of Thomas Hardy and Fyodor M. Dostoevsky; to compare the methods of portraying the inner world of literary characters; and to determine the influence of the social environment and moral factors on the formation of characters' personalities. The study employs comparative-typological, historical-literary, structural-semantic, and hermeneutic methods of literary analysis. The findings demonstrate that both authors regard psychologism as an essential means of exploring human personality, although they employ different artistic approaches. Thomas Hardy emphasizes the influence of the social environment and tragic circumstances on the character’s inner world, whereas Fyodor M. Dostoevsky focuses on the individual’s spiritual struggle, moral choice, and philosophical interpretation of human existence. The results confirm the effectiveness of the comparative-typological approach in the study of works belonging to different national literary traditions and contribute to a deeper understanding of the development of the psychological novel in the nineteenth century.